The Measurement And Instrumentation Engineering Essay

The Measurement And Instrumentation Engineering Essay A pyrometer is used to measure the temperature of an object from a distance, without making contact. The method used for making these non-contacting temperature measurements is known as radiation pyrometry. Non-contact temperature sensors use the concept of infrared radiant energy to measure the temperature of objects from a distance. After determining the wavelength of the energy being emitted by an object, the sensor can use integrated equations that take into account the bodys material and surface qualities to determine its temperature Pyrometer is derived from the Greek root pyro, meaning fire. The term pyrometer was originally used to denote a device capable of measuring temperatures of objects above incandescence, objects bright to the human eye. The original pyrometers were non-contacting optical devices which intercepted and evaluated the visible radiation emitted by glowing objects. A modern and more correct definition would be any non-contacting device intercepting and meas uring thermal radiation emitted from an object to determine surface temperature. Thermometer, also from a Greek root thermos, signifying hot, is used to describe a wide assortment of devices used to measure temperature. Thus a pyrometer is a type of thermometer. The designation radiation thermometer has evolved over the past decade as an alternative to pyrometer. Therefore the terms pyrometer and radiation thermometer are used interchangeably by many references. A radiation thermometer, in very simple terms, consists of an optical system and detector. The optical system focuses the energy emitted by an object onto the detector, which is sensitive to the radiation. The output of the detector is proportional to the amount of energy radiated by the target object (less the amount absorbed by the optical system), and the response of the detector to the specific radiation wavelengths. This output can be used to infer the objects temperature. The emittivity, or emittance, of the object is an important variable in converting the detector output into an accurate temperature signal. Pyro-Electric Pyroelectric detectors for thermal radiations are a relatively new form of pyrmometers. The construction material is usually ceramics are materials whose molecules have a permanent electric dipole because of the position of the electrons in molecules. Normally these molecules lie in a random mish-mash manner all across the bulk of the material hence there is no net electrification as a whole. Also, at ambient temperatures the location or orientation of these molecules is more or less fixed. If the temperature is raised above some level characteristic to the particular material, the molecules start to rotate freely. The temperature at which this start to happen is called the Curie temperature. When the pyroelectric surface is used as detector in a pyrometer, when the radiations from the source are absorbed by the pyroelectric material, its surface temperature increases .In the beginning the charge on the electrodes would be leaked away through the external electrical circuit and hence the measured voltage between the electrodes would be zero. When the pyroelectric surface heats up a voltage is detected between the two electrodes. As the temperature is further increased, further voltage is increased. Through this voltage value we can measure the temperature. The physical construction of a pyroelectric pyrometer is similar to the total radiation thermometer. C:UsersKKupusamyDesktopimages.jpg Pyroelectric linear arrays Photo electric A photoelectric pyrometer has been developed with which the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) above the gold point, 1063  °C, is realized about 5 times more accurately than with the prevalently used disappearing filament visual pyrometer. Estimated standard deviation uncertainties of realizing the IPTS with the photoelectric instrument.An instrument that measures high temperatures by using a photoelectric arrangement to measure the radiant energy given off by the heated object. http://img.tfd.com/ggse/43/gsed_0001_0019_0_img5330.png Optical system of an automatic photoelectric pyrometer: Optical An optical pyrometer is a device which allows contactless temperature measuring by using the incandescense color. It is based upon the fact that all black bodies do have the same incandescense color at a given temperature. It is very straightforward and allows any temperature from which a hot object emits light ( > 500 deg C). It is made from a small magnifying optical device (like a monocular or very small telescope) in which a small incandescent bulb is placed which image is sharp when the user views through the eyepiece (the lens(es) on the eye end of the optical device). The background is the hot object to be gauged. The electrical current flowing through the filaments in the bulb is an indication of their temperature. This current is controlled by a potentiometer which is put between the power source (a battery) and the bulb. An ammeter is used to display the temperature. Its range is from 500 C (== 900F lower limit when an object incandesces) to 1600 C (3000 F), which is suitab le for most applications. http://www.pyrometer.com/NewFiles/Figure2.gif Typical temperature ranges for optical pyrometers Question 3 Electrocardiography (ECG) ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that beats in rhythm to pump the blood through the body. The signals that make the hearts muscle fibers contract come from the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In an ECG test, the electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are recorded and usually shown on a piece of paper. This is known as an electrocardiogram, and records any problems with the hearts rhythm, and the conduction of the heart beat through the heart which may be affected by underlying heart disease. https://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb440/FinalProjects/f2003/nwl2/Final%20Webpage/High-Level.JPG Block diagram of ECG What (Electrically) is being measured The measuring can be different with being different type conditions. Usually the some ECG will be recorded when the patient remain resting. But in some case as, some patients who having coronary heart disease symptoms, ECG will be taken while the doing exercise bike or treadmill. The electric waves in the heart are recorded in mill volts by the ECG. The waves are recorded by electrodes positioned on certain parts of the body. Each electrode controls an ink needle that writes on a grid paper. The higher the intensity of the electric wave, the higher up the needle will move on the paper. The paper moves at a certain speed beneath the needle, resulting in an ink curve. How is electric signal capture? How does it work? Amplifier The amplifier receives the electrical signals from the electrodes and converts the information. Because the bodys electrical signals are relatively weak, the amplifier must first stabilize the signal and then amplify by a factor of between five and 10. The amplifier is composed of several sections, including a buffer amplifier and preamplifier both of which work to convert the information received from the electrodes into information that is strong enough to be read by the output device. The amplifier is designed to receive information directly from the patient; however, it is also separate from the primary power circuits of the ECG machine.   What is the sensor? Measurement of the ECG signal gets challenging due to the presence of the large DC offset and various interference signals. This potential can be up to 300mV for a typical electrode. The interference signals include the 50-/60-Hz interference from the power supplies, motion artifacts due to patient movement, radio frequency interference from electro-surgery equipments, defibrillation pulses, pace maker pulses, other monitoring equipment, etc. Depending on the end equipment, different accuracies will be needed in an ECG: Standard monitoring needs frequencies between 0.05-30 Hz Diagnostic monitoring needs frequencies from 0.05-1000 Hz Some of the 50Hz/60Hz common mode interference can be cancelled with a high-input-impedance instrumentation amplifier (INA), which removes the AC line noise common to both inputs. To further reject line power noise, the signal is inverted and driven back into the patient through the right leg by an amplifier. Only a few micro amps or less are required to achieve significant CMR improvement and stay within the UL544 limit. In addition, 50/60Hz digital notch filters are used to reduce this interference further. http://produceconsumerobot.com/heartfeltapparel/content/7128.ecg.bmp Complete circuit of Block diagram Question 4 Vout = R3 (V2-V1) When Vout = 0, R1 0 = R3 (V2 1) R1 V2 = 1 When Vout = 10, Vout = R3 (V2 V1) R1 10 =R3(5 1) R1 10 = 4R3 R1 10R1=4R3 Let R1= 10Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 10 ÃÆ'- 10K= 4R3 R3 = 25Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R3 = R4 = 25Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1 = 10 C:UsersRashydsAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordNew Picture (2).bmp Question 5 Voltage to frequency The family of voltage-to-frequency converters ideally suitable for in simple low-cost-circuits for analog-to-digital conversion, precision frequency-to-voltage conversion, long-term integration, linear frequency modulation or demodulation, and many more. The output when used a voltage-to frequency converter is a pulse train at a frequency precisely proportional to the applied input voltage. Consequently, it provides all the inherent advantages of the voltage-to-frequency converter techniques, and easy to apply in all standard voltage-to-frequency converter application. Frequency and Voltage The tachometer uses a charge pump technique and offer frequency repetition for low wrinkle, full input protection in two versions and output swing to ground for a zero frequency input. The amplitude is fully well-matched with the tachometer and has a floating transistor as its output. This characteristic allows either a ground or supply referred load up to 50mA. This version is well suited for single speed or frequency switching or fully buffered frequency to voltage conversion application. Question 6 Orifice Plate An obstruction (orifice) is placed in a pipe filled with fluid. The pressure of the fluid is measured at two different points: 1) just upstream of the orifice and, 2) close to the contraction of the fluid (vena contracta). The difference in these two pressures is known as differential pressure. The differential pressure across an obstruction (orifice) in a pipe of fluid is proportional to the square of the velocity of the fluid. Many factors associated with the pipe, orifice and fluid affect the measurement. Satisfactory measurement requires steady-state, homogeneous, turbulent flowing fluids. Other properties which affect the measurement include: the ratio of pipe diameter to orifice diameter and the density, temperature, compressibility and viscosity of the fluid. http://www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/4/3/fig4.3.3.gif Venturi Meter Venturi has a long history of uses in many applications. Due to its simplicity and dependability, the Venturi is among the most common flowmeters. With no moving parts or abrupt flow restrictions, the Venturi can measure fluid flowrates with a minimal total pressure loss. The principle behind the operation of the Venturiflowmeter is the Bernoulli Effect. The Venturi measures a fluids flowrate by reducing the cross sectional flow area in the flow path and generating a pressure difference. After the pressure difference is generated, the fluid is passed through a pressure recovery exit section where up to 80% of the differential pressure generated at the throat is recovered. The pressure differential follows Bernoullis Equation. http://www.ustudy.in/imagebrowser/view/image/3463/_original Venturi meter Nozzle A NOZZLE IS A DUCT WHICH CONVERT HEAT ENERGY INTO KINETIC ENERGY.IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF FLUID PASSING THROUGH IT AT THE EXPENCE OF PRESSURE http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTDTUwnq857efZrPN3mtwS-vIsRZ8OJxuVf1aPxsynFcrbaNuVCQ Pitot tube Pitot tube is used for measuring the stagnation within a channel, pipe or duct flow. Pitot tube is made in symmetrical body such as cylinder, cone, or hemisphere with drilled by the side of its central axis. If this is associated with its central axis in the direction of the flow the fluid will accelerate around the upstream face with less energy losses, and a stagnation point incline at the piezometric opening. Flow measurement using (a) Pitot tube, and (b) Pitot-static tube. Pitot tubes on aircraft commonly have heating elements called Pitot heat to prevent the tube from becoming clogged with ice.

Global Strategy

Compare and contrast standardized, concentrated and differentiated Global Marketing. Critically evaluate each strategy with an example from a global company to illustrate the differences There is a tendency for international corporate-level strategies to be substituted for global marketing strategies; namely, multi-domestic strategy to concentrated marketing, global strategy to standardized marketing, and transnational strategy to differentiated marketing. However, the borderline lies as the former focuses broadly on firm’s operations while the latter narrowly involves factors within the marketing mix that directly influences the customer behavior. Although this distinction is used to promote accuracy across the paper, there will be instances that corporate strategies, at least in their concept, can provide the necessary platform of discussion. With respect to product, standardized marketing differs from its opposite extreme concentrated marketing as products are introduced to a foreign country without any change*. Although the strategy is cheaper due to absence of research and development and other operational modifications, it can be expensive and unprofitable in the long-run. . Campbell Soup Company lost millions of dollars in England by using this strategy. This is where customization and customerization become crucial wherein decentralization about product features and designs are made suited to local customers. Nokia adjusted the voice recognition capability of cellular phones in the Asian market to adapt to its crowded streets while Mister Donut’s coffee cup and donuts were made smaller and lighter for an average Japanese consumer. Also, the adaptation implemented by Hyatt Hotels in Singapore with regards to feng shui was deemed to boost the profitability business. Lying in the middle, differentiated marketing seeks to achieve both the efficiency of standardized and local responsiveness of concentrated. As a result, the necessity for product invention plays vital role not only for faster reaction to market needs but also permanent realization of profits. The National Cash Register Company adjusted to relativity of product life cycle across different countries which constituted backward invention. It sold crank-operated cash register at cheaper price compared to global pricing to anticipate the local response to relatively unknown machine. Forward invention, on the other hand, gave Toyota a rationale to design specific vehicles to suit the budget of less developed countries. Although this strategy is very promising in the long-run, start-up product innovation/ research and substantial financing connotes risky venture to partake. With respect to promotion, the three strategies can be distinguished in the methods of branding, product name, advertisement and the use of media. The cost-effectiveness inherent to standardized marketing differs from concentrated as the former can take one message to reflect its intention. Considered an inappropriate promotional tool due to unique cultural and language nation factors, there are few global firms that use the former absolutely. Exxon’s â€Å"Put a tiger in your tank† was internationally recognized with still minor variations. In the contrary, the latter adapt or limit taboos and language context in the local market to avoid discouraging meaning like Dairy Association’s â€Å"Mist Stick† translation to German as â€Å"manure stick†. To prevent futility of promotions even tendency to adversely affect behavior, Carlsberg adapted the copy to suit the culture not for the whole country but to cities and its close neighbors. Differentiated marketing is the broad version of concentrated particularly in geographical markets as it tends to be national-bounded. The best illustration can be observed in different country restrictions on advertising. Cigarettes and alcohol companies must select another kind of media aside from television in countries such as Norway, Belgium and France since the legal system does not allow such its airing. In addition, Saudi Arabia does not allow them to present women in advertisement. As a result, not only differentiated is costly compared to the other strategies it also requires resourcefulness on the part of promoters. On other hand, relative to counterparts, the cost of advertisement has its larger return on exposure (upper hand against concentrated) and flexibility (against standardized). With respect to pricing, standardized model will price the same-level across different countries while concentrated can obtain at varied pricing according to internal and external factors to the firm. Standardized pricing is more resistant to government scrutiny since it inhibits dumping practices which is considered an unethical business practice. As a result, concentrated and differentiated pricing are more volatile for policing firms or governments especially in the growing presence of dumping areas and gray market. Stelco sued dumping practices in 2000 in a Canadian tribunal to resolve unhealthy competition form cut-price steel imports allegedly from the United States. The profit-based motive of cross-country distributors enabled them to establish price distortion. However, there are times that distortion is fair translation of cost incurred. Standardized pricing would be impractical for firms who usually ships merchandize form different country locations. In effect, the exporting firms have the right to increase the price due to transportation and tariff expenses. On the other hand, technology-based firms have the opportunity to use standardized pricing and still be operationally healthy and ethical which can be difficult and doubtful from the other models. On-line training that can be shared through internet-connection can have the same service charge across different countries. On a different approach, General Electric Company maintained a standardized pricing to its top 100 customers by augmenting service-oriented activities to counter the call for commodity prices of its products. As a result, it was able to prevent devaluation of its produce and even increase its profit margin to a record high. With respect to place, the choice of marketing model depends on the capability of the firm to establish retailing stores abroad and the complexity/ simplicity of distribution channels in the local market. For non-commodity goods, standardized place will depend on the former to remain competitive, if not possible. McDonalds have been expanding to numerous countries, although the home office still dictated accreditation of franchisee or building a subsidiary. In commodity products, Procter & Gamble had to address the issue of huge mark-up in the price of its soaps due to complicated distribution system in Japan which has at least five stages of channels before selling it to end users. In this case, concentrated place is likely to gain success in the local market that will also necessitate price escalation. Multinationals in India, which is characterized by millions of independent retailers selling commodity products, will also gain advantage when it used concentrated place. On the other hand, in automobiles, the use of differentiated place emphasized both the importance of having controlled host country office and adapted structure of channels. General Motors had ordered its country managers to coordinate its actions to top-managers in the headquarters to monitor sales but still they can respond to local distribution patterns. As a result, the consolidated performance of the firm improved. Differentiated place involves flexible coordination with the home office and host distributions. As long as the latter follows the regulation of the headquarters, the model will still be operational. Consequently, to exploit the advantages and anticipate disadvantages of the three models, there is a need to describe the required/ existing organizational structure to determine the firm’s appropriate marketing strategy. Concentrated model is likely to have operational decisions decentralized to overseas units to comply with local requirements such as cultural, political, economic and legal issues. Country units focus in competition with local firms and can win such competition because of its higher attention to local desires and needs making them customized. However, the model undermines the cost-effectiveness of economies of scale while coordination problems may arise due to unique mind-set of local and home administrators. Second, the standardized model has a centralized and controlled strategy maker through the home office initiative. The home office aspires integration and interdependence among subsidiaries to intensify the efficiency in producing the same products using the same technology and machineries with little need of research or product modification. At the rare times it developed a new product, its value to the firm is positively disproportionate as subsidiaries would impart the products success if the market respond to this innovation. Due to sharing of resources, coordination costs that can have internal/ personal costs increases. The model also undermines the potential of securing higher profits through local responsiveness while products tend to be mass-produced. Lastly, differentiated model would likely have flexible coordination between home office and subsidiaries. This allows the communication lop to be completed making its possible for a responsive home and subsidiary offices. Reconciliation, both financial and business, is important to have optimal gain in global efficiency and local responsiveness. As standardize model requires cooperation, this model has great emphasis on collaboration. Global Strategy Compare and contrast standardized, concentrated and differentiated Global Marketing. Critically evaluate each strategy with an example from a global company to illustrate the differences There is a tendency for international corporate-level strategies to be substituted for global marketing strategies; namely, multi-domestic strategy to concentrated marketing, global strategy to standardized marketing, and transnational strategy to differentiated marketing. However, the borderline lies as the former focuses broadly on firm’s operations while the latter narrowly involves factors within the marketing mix that directly influences the customer behavior. Although this distinction is used to promote accuracy across the paper, there will be instances that corporate strategies, at least in their concept, can provide the necessary platform of discussion. With respect to product, standardized marketing differs from its opposite extreme concentrated marketing as products are introduced to a foreign country without any change*. Although the strategy is cheaper due to absence of research and development and other operational modifications, it can be expensive and unprofitable in the long-run. . Campbell Soup Company lost millions of dollars in England by using this strategy. This is where customization and customerization become crucial wherein decentralization about product features and designs are made suited to local customers. Nokia adjusted the voice recognition capability of cellular phones in the Asian market to adapt to its crowded streets while Mister Donut’s coffee cup and donuts were made smaller and lighter for an average Japanese consumer. Also, the adaptation implemented by Hyatt Hotels in Singapore with regards to feng shui was deemed to boost the profitability business. Lying in the middle, differentiated marketing seeks to achieve both the efficiency of standardized and local responsiveness of concentrated. As a result, the necessity for product invention plays vital role not only for faster reaction to market needs but also permanent realization of profits. The National Cash Register Company adjusted to relativity of product life cycle across different countries which constituted backward invention. It sold crank-operated cash register at cheaper price compared to global pricing to anticipate the local response to relatively unknown machine. Forward invention, on the other hand, gave Toyota a rationale to design specific vehicles to suit the budget of less developed countries. Although this strategy is very promising in the long-run, start-up product innovation/ research and substantial financing connotes risky venture to partake. With respect to promotion, the three strategies can be distinguished in the methods of branding, product name, advertisement and the use of media. The cost-effectiveness inherent to standardized marketing differs from concentrated as the former can take one message to reflect its intention. Considered an inappropriate promotional tool due to unique cultural and language nation factors, there are few global firms that use the former absolutely. Exxon’s â€Å"Put a tiger in your tank† was internationally recognized with still minor variations. In the contrary, the latter adapt or limit taboos and language context in the local market to avoid discouraging meaning like Dairy Association’s â€Å"Mist Stick† translation to German as â€Å"manure stick†. To prevent futility of promotions even tendency to adversely affect behavior, Carlsberg adapted the copy to suit the culture not for the whole country but to cities and its close neighbors. Differentiated marketing is the broad version of concentrated particularly in geographical markets as it tends to be national-bounded. The best illustration can be observed in different country restrictions on advertising. Cigarettes and alcohol companies must select another kind of media aside from television in countries such as Norway, Belgium and France since the legal system does not allow such its airing. In addition, Saudi Arabia does not allow them to present women in advertisement. As a result, not only differentiated is costly compared to the other strategies it also requires resourcefulness on the part of promoters. On other hand, relative to counterparts, the cost of advertisement has its larger return on exposure (upper hand against concentrated) and flexibility (against standardized). With respect to pricing, standardized model will price the same-level across different countries while concentrated can obtain at varied pricing according to internal and external factors to the firm. Standardized pricing is more resistant to government scrutiny since it inhibits dumping practices which is considered an unethical business practice. As a result, concentrated and differentiated pricing are more volatile for policing firms or governments especially in the growing presence of dumping areas and gray market. Stelco sued dumping practices in 2000 in a Canadian tribunal to resolve unhealthy competition form cut-price steel imports allegedly from the United States. The profit-based motive of cross-country distributors enabled them to establish price distortion. However, there are times that distortion is fair translation of cost incurred. Standardized pricing would be impractical for firms who usually ships merchandize form different country locations. In effect, the exporting firms have the right to increase the price due to transportation and tariff expenses. On the other hand, technology-based firms have the opportunity to use standardized pricing and still be operationally healthy and ethical which can be difficult and doubtful from the other models. On-line training that can be shared through internet-connection can have the same service charge across different countries. On a different approach, General Electric Company maintained a standardized pricing to its top 100 customers by augmenting service-oriented activities to counter the call for commodity prices of its products. As a result, it was able to prevent devaluation of its produce and even increase its profit margin to a record high. With respect to place, the choice of marketing model depends on the capability of the firm to establish retailing stores abroad and the complexity/ simplicity of distribution channels in the local market. For non-commodity goods, standardized place will depend on the former to remain competitive, if not possible. McDonalds have been expanding to numerous countries, although the home office still dictated accreditation of franchisee or building a subsidiary. In commodity products, Procter & Gamble had to address the issue of huge mark-up in the price of its soaps due to complicated distribution system in Japan which has at least five stages of channels before selling it to end users. In this case, concentrated place is likely to gain success in the local market that will also necessitate price escalation. Multinationals in India, which is characterized by millions of independent retailers selling commodity products, will also gain advantage when it used concentrated place. On the other hand, in automobiles, the use of differentiated place emphasized both the importance of having controlled host country office and adapted structure of channels. General Motors had ordered its country managers to coordinate its actions to top-managers in the headquarters to monitor sales but still they can respond to local distribution patterns. As a result, the consolidated performance of the firm improved. Differentiated place involves flexible coordination with the home office and host distributions. As long as the latter follows the regulation of the headquarters, the model will still be operational. Consequently, to exploit the advantages and anticipate disadvantages of the three models, there is a need to describe the required/ existing organizational structure to determine the firm’s appropriate marketing strategy. Concentrated model is likely to have operational decisions decentralized to overseas units to comply with local requirements such as cultural, political, economic and legal issues. Country units focus in competition with local firms and can win such competition because of its higher attention to local desires and needs making them customized. However, the model undermines the cost-effectiveness of economies of scale while coordination problems may arise due to unique mind-set of local and home administrators. Second, the standardized model has a centralized and controlled strategy maker through the home office initiative. The home office aspires integration and interdependence among subsidiaries to intensify the efficiency in producing the same products using the same technology and machineries with little need of research or product modification. At the rare times it developed a new product, its value to the firm is positively disproportionate as subsidiaries would impart the products success if the market respond to this innovation. Due to sharing of resources, coordination costs that can have internal/ personal costs increases. The model also undermines the potential of securing higher profits through local responsiveness while products tend to be mass-produced. Lastly, differentiated model would likely have flexible coordination between home office and subsidiaries. This allows the communication lop to be completed making its possible for a responsive home and subsidiary offices. Reconciliation, both financial and business, is important to have optimal gain in global efficiency and local responsiveness. As standardize model requires cooperation, this model has great emphasis on collaboration.

Perspective on sex

How do we explain sexuality from God's stand point, when we talk with teens, taming our own desires, and the sexual challenges that face us all? This paper will take you through the four different elements that will guide to a greater understanding of human sexuality, of what God has in store for us. God gave mankind the ability to have sex; his commandments are clear on how to become one with him. Sex Is not only for a few moments of pleasure, but a way for husband and wife to become one with God.I intend to explain to you the important benefits you will receive though intimacy, how and why one should abstain from sex until marriage, and how to develop the intimacy back into the marriage. Where does real Intimacy come from and how can we build the Intimacy with another person we desire? The meaning behind Intimacy Is finding someone to be close to that they we may find interesting. In the theology of love, intimacy is finding someone who you are willing to let everything go to find a special kind love that can be graced by God.Clark described Agape as the love for a person, someone you are willing to omit your heart and soul to, based on how you care for that one person, a forever lasting love, the complete willingness to change how you feel Just to be with that other person (Clark). By Intimacy we are allowing our own self to be seen by another, without regard to what or how we feel, but real intimacy starts when another person connects with your heart, and soul. According to the dictionary intimacy is defined as a close reunion or a combination of elements that connect together to make one (Dictionary. Mom). Above all you may think that sex makes a relationship, yet it is only he intimate form of the expression, sex is not intimacy only the physical form of intimacy. At the same time the relationship Is new, the couple prefers to spend time together to communicate emotional feelings, they may begin to hold hands as a way of physical touch, and they will date , discuss intellectual issues, they may pray together, and come to a term of how far of a commitment they may wish to carry out (Clark).First of all when the couple marries, they have decided to base their relationship on mutually shared covenant commitment and to consummate their allegations In a sexual union (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). However, act between two relationship (Bailiwick, 2008). In the eyes of God their union of husband and wife is graced with God's love, since God has created mankind to know one another, Just as Adam and Eve. God gave mankind the ability to become intimate with another, and is graced by Him.Beneficial effects for a person's well-being, is the feeling of undefined love between two people, with women it is the love she sees in the eyes of her husband, and the ability to discuss anything with her husband without fear. For the man he shall see his beloved, and hold her to him, yet be allowed to communicate all of his fears, and intentions that he has una fraid of reticule. The benefit of welling being can also be that you have now found the soul mate for you that were preordained by God to give the couple a closer relationship with them, and God.Likewise the purpose of abstinence before marriage in Christianity is something the person must decide for themselves (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 146). Throughout the Bible, God tells us to be pure of heart and soul, when we have sex before marriage as in 1 Corinthian 6:15-7 Paul reminds mankind that when we come from two bodies and become becoming one flesh, it is similar to uniting oneself with God, and making a union, ever though the couple does not plan to wed (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). Premarital sex is defined as sex between two unmarried people who do not share a mutual covenant commitment.In the Bible, God defines premarital sex as fornication or sexual immorality, since the act of sex seals the union, whether or not the couple marries (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). Wherefore, when a couple enters into an agreement hat they will not have sexually relations before marriage, they understand the Chastity that they must go beyond the â€Å"letter of the law'. Restraint from premarital sex, according to Buckler and Barman decreased the chance of sexual transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancy (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 146).Whereas, refraining from sex before marriage minimizes the sins of the person, and leads them to God. When we yield to the temptations that pull us from the direction of God, we will start down the path that only leads to the destruction of sexual behaviors (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 58). With the attention turning to elements that determine if one is practicing healthy sexuality usually takes us deeper into the person themselves. Whereas, one who practices a healthy sexuality does not use sex as a substitute for their own emotional needs (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 52) thus, this will only complicate the persons Christian thoughts. Overall, a person reserve the ri ght to always be allowed to say â€Å"no† to their partner, having the strength and ego to say no to anyone who approaches them for sex without feeling obligated to anyone (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 52). Ordinarily married couple will have sex for pleasure alone, not only to procreate, and feel closer to God. Meanwhile the single person should refrain from sexual interactions, avoid using pornographic material, since pornographic material gives the male an illusion of what the female body should look like.For instance, Gods words Jude 1:7. In a similar way, Stood and Sonogram and the surrounding towns gave themselves up to sexual immorality and perversion. They serve as an example of those who suffer the punishment of eternal fire. The use of pornographic trials, the internet, and late night skin shows are all immoral ways that do not constitute a healthy sexuality in mankind, but the path to damnation. Whereas, a person who practices unhealthy sexuality will seek out sex for plea sure only, not this person may feel that they are in love, it is not looking or caring of the other's needs.Therefore, their belief system or core beliefs are mistaken by hormones alone. However, do not have sex for the sake of sex being only body pleasure, it may bring a few minutes of orgasmic sensation, however, it is devoid of relation meaning (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 1 54). Throughout marriage the marriage it may be lose its appeal becoming stagnated or less interesting (Hart) Dry. Catherine Hart Weber describes it as men and women each have different ideas about sexual images (Hart-Weber). Whereas, women wants romance, and to talk, men only want one thing sex.Yet, women may start to see themselves as overweight, suffer from depression, and develop low self-esteem. However, ways to prevent loss of intimacy in the relationship is to discuss anything that is bothering the couple. Whereas, Pastor Chris Adams speaks of how a difficulty separating values and mindset between the couple, his is a time where communication is vital (Adams). Some steps that may be useful in keeping intimacy in a relationship are communication, expression of emotions of partners, romance, and the man telling the woman how beautiful she is.Although, not all people feel comfortable with expressions of their emotions, explaining this to the other will open new doors to explore. In conclusion, God did intend for mankind to come together as one flesh, only after marriage. Yet keeping intimacy in a relationship that is absent of sex give us the basic human need of skin to skin contact (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 55) however, this does not mean that in the beginning of the relationship sex is necessary. Only when two people who deeply love one another, and marry, can they truly become one in the eyes of God.

Observation Of An Sociological Research - 1220 Words

Observation is preferably one of the most commonly used methods of data collection, especially in the sociological research. More often than not, this method is employed so as to gain the much needed empirical information that is dependable in the sociological research undertakings. The methodology is comprehensively employed in the sociological imagination concept as a viable tool in the proper and reliable comprehension of social interactions. It is in light of the above that this observation paper seeks to present my objective perspective in the application of this definite data collection method in a view to fulfilling sociological research. Noteworthy, the paper is presented as a qualitative description of the sociological factors in the process of their interaction with each other in a non-controlled environment. Finally, the paper heavily adopts significant reflection of the C. Wright Mills’ conceptualization of the â€Å"sociological imagination† and portrays the need of the observation being done with via a sociological lens. Setting: To begin with, the observation was conducted at a public place within the university’s confines. Specifically, this was the campus centre. The timing of the observation was on a Friday mid-morning hours. This was informed by the fact that the duration is characterized by a substantial student presence at the campus center for one reason or the other. This also meant that the sociological interactions were bound to be more significant as theShow MoreRelated Sociology vs. Cultural Anthropology Essay939 Words   |  4 Pages The research methods in sociology and anthropology are similar yet follow a specific set of guidelines for each. Each field approaches research in a similar fashion but the methodology and intentions can differ. The differences reflect the distinct differences that are present in sociology and anthropology. The way that an anthropologist approaches a problem and attempts to solve it is different than a sociologist because of the discerning basis o f their knowledge. Some of the research methodsRead MoreWhat Are Ethics And Social Research? Why Are They Important?1080 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are ethics in relation to Social Research? Why are they important? Social science, and research thereof does not occur within a vacuum – Sociologists, like everyone else, are human beings and hold their own unique ideas of norms and values. If everyone in society were to follow their own unique morals and norms, then humanity would descend into a state of chaos and normlessness. To prevent such anarchy, a strict code of moral and ethical values are placed upon us by institutions such as theRead MoreStanford Prison Experiment905 Words   |  4 Pagesits controversial nature and continued discussion in the classroom. The experiment itself was a form of field research. According to Kendall (2014), field research develops â€Å"a fuller understanding†¦ through observations, face-to-face discussions, and participation in events.† Ultimately, a field study is an experiment that takes place outside the laboratory. It incorporates observation and interviews of individuals in a more â€Å"natural† setting in order to gather qualitative data. The Stanford PrisonRead MoreSociological Perspective On Understanding Human Society915 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluate the Sociological Approach to understanding Human Society Explanation of common sense and sociological approaches to the study of Human Societies, with examples. Common sense is subjective as it’s based on opinion and belief; these personal interpretations generate norms in a society that a culture becomes accustomed to, so much so that they barely notice them. It is the basic level of knowledge and judgement that we all share; which we take for granted as a real and true. Common sense triesRead MoreFunny Thing About Sociology : Time Essay862 Words   |  4 Pages Funny thing about sociology: Time, a lot of time goes into coming up with a sociological question. Sociologists rework their questions multiple times, and then reviews for structure and sociological imagination; no surprise the rewording starts again. Finally, with great relief the masterpiece is done, the question is asked. One will sit back and admire their question only to realize the real work is about to start. Attempt one at a sociology question: Why do homosexual people â€Å"come out†Read MoreWhat Is Meant By The Term Objectivity 870 Words   |  4 PagesExplain what is meant by the term ‘objectivity’ (2 marks) Objectivity means that the researcher has to remain natural while conducting research and to not be bias. Suggest two disadvantages of longitudinal studies in sociological research (4 marks) A main disadvantage of longitudinal studies is panel attrition. If you are going to study a group of 1,500 participants once a year then obviously some of these participants will no longer be able to be part of the study. This could be due to illnessRead MoreSociology and Common Sense Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference between a â€Å"common sense† and a â€Å"sociological† view of human behaviour, giving relevant examples. Sociology is a social science that enables people to understand the structure and dynamics of society. By using a scientific approach, and by critically analysing society using qualitative and quantitative methods, sociologists can find patterns and connections within human behaviour to provide explanations of how society affects people. Sociological views are based on theories that have beenRead MoreSociological Research : Designs, Methods1058 Words   |  5 PagesSociological Research: Designs, Methods Sociologists use many different designs and methods to study society and social behavior. Most sociological research involves ethnography, or â€Å"field work† designed to depict the characteristics of a population as fully as possible. Three popular social research designs (models) are Cross†sectional, in which scientists study a number of individuals of different ages who have the same trait or characteristic of interest at a single time Longitudinal, in whichRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism, By George Herbert Mead And Charles Horton Cooley937 Words   |  4 Pages Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the sociological discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology. Symbolic interactionism is derived from American pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead. Herbert Blumer, a student and interpreter of Mead, coined the term symbolic interactionism and put forward an influential summary of the perspective: people act toward things based on the meaningRead MorePhenomenology Is The Study Of Phenomena Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pagesview. Humans are described as conscious thinking beings and phenomenology argues that the only way we can confirm the existence of a phenomenon is through the way we consciously perceive our surroundings (Heidegger, as cited by Aspers 2009). Sociological methodology implies that the notion of sociology is indeed a science. Empirical phenomenology and ethnomethodology aim to describe, â€Å"how people perceive and think about things, although this is central to the phenomenological approach† (Aspers