Professional Research Papers Features

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Richard Wright 20th Century Man - 2201 Words

Yeeun Kim Professor Ruiz English 211 2 November 2014 Richard Wright: 20th Century Man The era of modernism is roughly marked as the last quarter of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century. Shortly thereafter, the Harlem Renaissance fanned into flames during at the last decade of the modern period, in the 1920s. Richard Wright, the author behind the novel Native Son, was just about Bigger’s age (20) at the end of literary modern period and at the hottest point of the Harlem Renaissance. There is reason, then, to believe that Native Son is a direct product of these times and is, therefore, characterized with the popular thoughts of the era. These revolutionary thoughts are exactly what Richard Wright employed to portray the African American plight, analyze their condition, and to justify their criminality. In particular, the modern development that came to Bigger’s defense was the branch of sociology called critical theory that combines history, sociology, and a need for change as developed by Max Horkhei mer. The period immediately preceding the publication of Native Son fertilized the mental faculties of America into viewing the environment as being responsible for its inhabitants. This is the focus of sociology. It is the study of social behavior spanning from its origins, development, organization, and institutions. In â€Å"American Sociology Before World War II† from the Annual Review of Sociology, Don Martindale explains that sociology found its place inShow MoreRelatedBlack Writers of the 20th Century Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagescommunicating ideas. This became even more important during the 20th century, when many people were trying to persuade others or share their emotions and histories. The black movements in the United States made use of this tool, many authors coming out and becoming part of the fabric of society. Three authors in particular, Ralph Ellison, Langston Hughes, and Richard Wright became some of the most influential and important writers of the 20t h century, owing to their own history and life experiences to giveRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard Wrights Interpreter Of Maladies951 Words   |  4 Pagesnot limited to only immigrants; African Americans living in the Southern United States throughout the 20th century dealt with similar struggles such as civil injustice, institutionalized racism, and lack of economic opportunity. Their experiences with discrimination emphasize the powerful ramifications of slavery, unfair Jim Crow laws, and racial tension. In an effort to explore these ideas, Richard Wright’s autobiography, Black Boy, describes the troublesome journey of himself, a young African AmericanRead MoreCritical Themes Of Black Boy By Richard Wright855 Words   |  4 Pagesautobiography of Richard Wright, a renowned black American writer of the 20th century. Black Boy is more than just a narration of the childhood experiences of Richard Wright. Instead, it highlights the quest for self-affirmation and identity of the black people. The themes covered in this book are so diverse and universally applicable. In each chapter of the book, Wright recounts nostalgic and painful memories about his background that influenced his transformation to the great man that he eventuallyRead MoreDoes The Color Of Your Skin Define Your Identity?1694 Words   |  7 Pages Does the color of your skin define your identity? Despite the abolishment of African-American slavery in the United States in the late 19th century, black individuals during the 20th century were still subject to unequal treatment due to the color of their skin. Racism was alive and just like a disease, it spread rapidly and affected the way black individuals were treated during this time period. As these black individuals attempted to live their lives freely, they entered a time period where JimRead MoreRichard Wright s Native Son2272 Words   |  10 PagesThe era of modernism is roughly marked as the last quarter of the 19th century and the fir st quarter of the 20th century. Shortly thereafter, the Harlem Renaissance fanned into flames during at the last decade of the modern period, in the 1920s. Richard Wright, the author of the novel Native Son, was just about Bigger’s age (20) at the end of this period, which was also the hottest point of the Harlem Renaissance. One of these many revolutionary developments during this time was the branch of sociologyRead MoreThe Ethics Of Living Jim Crow865 Words   |  4 Pageshow those laws deeply affected those affected by them and I still see this as an issue today. I think that it is crucial to understand that these laws indirectly still affect people to this day, even after being abolished years and years ago. In Richard Writes essay, The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: an Autobiographical Sketch, we see him struggle just doing daily activities in his life. Although the Jim Crow laws are no longer in place, it does not mean that it does not have an effect on todays worldRead M oreThe Wright Brothers1844 Words   |  8 Pagesintellectual interests; to investigate whatever aroused curiosity† (Wright). This is exactly what the Wright Brothers had done in 1899, they have investigated whatever aroused their curiosity. The Wrights Brothers; Wilbur born in 1867 and Orville born in 1871, they invented the first airplane that is controlled by man. They were inspired in 1878, when their father gave them a toy helicopter that had a rubber band connected to make it fly (â€Å"Wright Brothers†), something so simplicity sparked their curiosityRead MoreThe American Dream By Edgar Allan Poe1476 Words   |  6 Pagesautomatically think of a dark short story, or two, from his collection of works. But how many authors are there which give strong visualization and experiences that not many individuals may get the chance to examine in their life? Around the early 20th century, African Americans were slowly progressing into being intergraded in society as citize ns of America. As there were many complications with this adjustment, African Americans were held back from living what everyone else would call â€Å"The AmericanRead MoreNative Son- Critical Analysis1834 Words   |  8 PagesJazmin Vera 3/28/2012 AML-4607 Professor Heather Russell Racism and the Oppressed Black Man—Bigger Thomas In 20th Century African-American Literature, the students were instructed to write a critical analysis on one of five texts reviewed throughout the course. This paper will provide an analytical approach on the concept of race and identity as reflected in, Richard Wright’s, Native Son. Bigger Thomas’ instinct for survival plays a key role for the reasons behind his actions in thisRead MoreWhy is Alexandre Dumas Famous?1100 Words   |  5 Pageshad an impact on me like the great Alexandre Dumas. His style of writing is one that has lived with me in some dark times. Especially his novel The Three Musketeers, about a young man in a big city and the hardships he faces to achieve his dream of fulfilling his destiny of becoming a musketeer, has made me into the man that I am today. As every time, I am in a dark, sad place, I remember dArtagnans drive and the brilliant writing from Alexandre Dumas and all of a sudden, I feel better about myself

Integrated Marketing Communications Manufacturing Companies

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Marketing Communications for Manufacturing Companies. Answer: Situational Analysis: In order to evaluate the integrated marketing communication strategy implemented by Red Bull it is necessary to investigate the situational analysis of the company. In order to do so at first the internal analysis of the company will be conducted and in the next step the external analysis will be done. Internal analysis: Red Bull is considered among one of the largest and most famous energy drink manufacturing companies. The blue and silver can have become an iconic symbol of the vitality while helping the people during the working and playing hours (Hall et al., 2016). The catchphrase of the company is Red Bull gives you wings signifies the statement that depicts the message an energy drinks manufacturing company wishes to portray. The Red Bull brand first came into existence during the year 1984, while the first product of the company was launched in the year 1987 pioneering itself in the market for energy drinks. The drink is produced by using a number of ingredients such as caffeine, carbohydrates and essential vitamins (Baetzgen Tropp, 2013). These constituents are claimed be helpful in generating physical endurance, improvements in the reaction along with concentration and speed in the performance. The slogan of advertisement of the company Red Bull gives you wings has been effective in generating awareness and popularity about the drink in the market. It has been observed that the drink is very popular among men; the consumer group of the company consists of students, athletes, night club hoppers and those who are in need of lift till late at night (Ijabadeniyi et al., 2015). Over the passage of time the company has established itself across the world and, made available the drink across 162 countries as per the data available till 2010. The most crucial Microeconomic factor that the company is faced with is the major number of competitors in its genre. The competitor base of the company ranges from 300 newly established corporations to a massive company like Coca Cola Company and Pepsi Co, Rockstar International and Hansen Natural. However, these so called massive corporations do not hold massive shares in the market for energy drinks. However, Red Bull will have to keep the pace with its competitors in order to maintain the lead (Ryan, 2014). Competitors of the company provide alternative taste to select as compared with the line of products of the Red Bull. In addition to all these established companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi Co possess extensive and efficient networks of distribution and also possess well-established brand names. External Analysis: In order to analyze the external macroeconomic factors of the company PEST analysis tool will be used. PEST analysis is an analytical tool that analyses the Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors that affect the company externally. Politically, as the demand for energy drinks is increasing along with the awareness about the side effects of drinking these drinks. The governments of the respective countries may device plans for these highly caffeinated drinks to be tested clinically. In such a situation when the government imposes safety regulations over the drink, the sales of Red Bull may fall. As the number of cans sold is affected. Some of the countries have even banned the Red Bull because the administration of those countries think that the drink possesses thereat to health and safety (Jankovic, 2012). However, some of the countries have accepted the use of Red Bull an a popular energy drink. In the context of economic factors it is quite likely that the consumers will cut down the consumption of Red Bull whenever there is price inflation. This is because due to the inflation the disposable income of the consumers will go down significantly. In case of social factors the younger generations are faced with different possibilities of different sports and routes to entertainment. In this aspect Red Bull has always projected the product as an ideal drink for the youth and this is the perfect promotional mix adopted by the company. This may lead to an increase in the sales of the product (Jankovic, 2012). With the significant advancements in the social media and technological factors Red Bull will have to design its communication strategies as well as the promotional tools to become more relevant (Jackson et al., 2014). This will in turn help the company in the advertising activities and the promotion of the products and thereby providing a new avenue to communicate with the consumers. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is also an analytical tool that examines the internal strengths and weaknesses of the company along with the external opportunities and threats. Strengths: If measured in terms of the brand equity Red Bull is the worlds leader in the market of energy drinks. The energy drinks are exclusively produced in Australia and are exported to more than 100 countries around the world. The company also enjoys an extraordinary sales and thereby dominates the market of energy drinks by holding 70% share of the entire worlds market for energy drinks (VerÄ iÄ  VerÄ iÄ , 2015). The marketing efforts put by the company are also very impressive. The marketing campaigns of the aims at the young professionals between the age group 18-25. Weaknesses: The basic weakness of the company is that it does not hold a patent for the recipe it uses for producing the energy drink. Therefore, its competitor may easily copy its recipe and enter the market (Rogers, 2014). The product line of the company is very limited, it only produces energy drinks and with a variety of sugar free. If there is a fluctuation the market it will be hard for the company to persist in the market of soft drinks. Opportunities: If Red Bull extends the product line it will definitely help the company to flourish in near future. As the competitors who are new to the market will have to incur a huge cost for marketing and promotional activities and Red Bull is already a well-known brand in the market (Grohs Reisinger, 2014). The company should also license its patent. This will help to reduce the competition faced by the company in the market. Threats: However, the media has reported that Red Bull contains the ingredients that are harmful for the health. This will lead to a significant decline in the sales of the company (Beck, 2014) . Competition is also one of the major threats faced by the company. The major competitors of the company are large established corporations as Coca Cola and Pepsi Co. From the above analysis the market problems and market opportunities faced by the company can be identified. In the next section these are stated. Market problems and Opportunities: Red Bull is considered as the King of the energy drinks market. Currently the company possesses more than 43% market share globally. As the market for soft drinks is growing extensively it is expected that the company flourish in near future. However, as the society is becoming more and more affluent the behavior of the buyers are also changing (Halkias Komodromos, 2016). Here in this report it is identified how Red Bull could address and mitigate the needs of the existing as well as the potential customers. As there are new entrants in the market with their new marketing strategies and gimmicks, it results in a creation of too much clutter and therefore makes it harder for the company to maintain its image in the minds of the consumers (Huang, 2016). Therefore, the company should efficiently design new marketing and communications strategies to compete in the market. The image that the company imposes on the mind of its audiences as a reliable and dependable brand of energy drink, it could not compel the buyer to buy its products. Therefore, the company should again increase the communication with its existing as well as potential buyers to influence their purchase decision. The objectives of Marketing Communication Campaigns: Red Bull Flux is a new product introduced by the company as the company has planned to extend its product line. The broad marketing objective before the company was to identify the new product as an exciting flavor of the Red Bull line of products. While increasing the brand awareness the company is aimed at influencing the purchase decision of the buyers along with compelling them to shift to the Red Bull products (Pagani et al., 2015). The marketing objectives of the company were to increase the can sales of the new product by 1500000 by the end of the financial year. Moreover, to achieve 10% share in the Singapores market for energy drinks. The communications objectives of Red Bull was to held Red Bull Flux as the original alternative of Red Bull as a sugar free drink. in doing so the company also tried to divert the attention of the buyers from the products produced by its competitors. The sale of existing energy drinks produced by Red Bull will be increased by 70% by using effective Integrated Market Communication plans. It will be achieved by using the hierarchical effects of communication, knowledge, preference and choice of the consumers and the conviction to purchase the product. These are also well-aligned with the Integrated Marketing Communication plans from the very beginning (Baetzgen Tropp, 2015). The Integrated marketing Communication model used by the Red Bull is well efficient and it addresses the targeted and focused customer groups of the company in an efficient manner. It is conducted by using the media that is by integrating television; radio broadcast along with printed advertisements. The printed advertisements will include advertising in the magazines and newspapers (Baetzgen Tropp, 2015). By integrating these media along with the posters and bill boards the company will be able to attract the targeted customer base quite efficiently. Hence the integrated marketing communication model of Red Bull is quite efficient and effective in attracting and mitigating the needs of the customers. Conclusion: In order to conclude it can be said that the report has effectively addressed all the issues regarding the integrated marketing and communication plans of Red Bull. It has effectively evaluated the need of implementation of integrated marketing communication plans and the effectiveness of the implemented plans as well. While conducting the study a wide range of literature relevant to this topic has been reviewed and this has helped to gain a broader knowledge about the marketing communications of Red Bull. In the light of the knowledge gained while conducting the study the integrated marketing communication strategies applied by the company is evaluated. It has been observed that though the communication strategy applied by the company is efficient it is also necessary for the company to look after extending its product and changing its communications strategies accordingly. Reference List: Baetzgen, A., Tropp, J. (2013). Owned Media: Developing a Theory from the Buzzword.Studies in Media and Communication,1(2), 1-10. Baetzgen, A., Tropp, J. (2015). How Can Brand-Owned Media Be Managed? Exploring the Managerial Success Factors of the New Interrelation Between Brands and Media.International Journal on Media Management,17(3), 135-155. Beck, A. (2014). Integrated marketing communication and the developing marketing technologies for small business. Grohs, R., Reisinger, H. (2014). Sponsorship effects on brand image: The role of exposure and activity involvement.Journal of Business Research,67(5), 1018-1025. Halkias, D., Komodromos, M. (2016). Social media and the practice of marketing public relations in Cyprus.International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning,8(2), 103-113. Hall, A., Conway, T., Betts, P., Parker, C. (2016, June). From economic man to connected consumers. In4 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 22-24, 2016 Heraklion, Greece(p. 53). Huang, G. (2016). Moderating Role of Brand Familiarity in Cross-Media Effects: An Information Processing Perspective.Journal of Promotion Management, 1-19. Ijabadeniyi, A., Govender, J. P., Veerasamy, D. (2015). The Influence Of Cultural Diversity On Marketing Communication: A Case Of Africans And Indians In Durban, South Africa.International Business Economics Research Journal (IBER),14(6), 869-882. Jackson, M., Harrison, P., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M. (2014). Unhealthy food, integrated marketing communication and power: a critical analysis.Critical public health,24(4), 489-505. Jankovic, M. (2012). Integrated Marketing Communications and Brand Identity Development.Management (1820-0222), (63). Pagani, M., Goldsmith, R., Perracchio, A. (2015). Standardization vs. adaptation: consumer reaction to TV ads containing subtitled or English dubbed ads.International Journal of Advertising,34(4), 702-714. Rogers, G. C. (2014). Red BullIt Gives You Wings! An Examination of the Emotional Experiences That Drive the Brand for the Popular Energy Drink.Journal of Integrated Studies,5(1). Ryan, D. (2014).The Best Digital Marketing Campaigns in the World II. Kogan Page Publishers. VerÄ iÄ , D., VerÄ iÄ , A. T. (2015). The new publicity: From reflexive to reflective mediatisation.Public Relations Review.

The XYY Syndrome Essay Research Paper subject free essay sample

The XYY Syndrome Essay, Research Paper capable = Intro to Biology rubric = XYY Syndrome documents = XYY Males Xyy Syndrome is a rare familial upset which affects males due to an excess Yttrium chromosome. Healthy males have 46 chromosomes including one Ten and one Y chromosome. Work force with XYY syndrome have 47 chromosomes, two of which are Y chromosomes. It is non known why the excess Y chromosome occurs. The upset is present at birth and is estimated to happen in one out of every one thousand unrecorded births. In really rare cases, the syndrome has been passed from male parent to boy, but in most instances heredity can non be established. The features of XYY syndrome are frequently really elusive and do non bespeak and serious chromosomal upset. Therefore, males with this status are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. The primary symptoms include tall or really tall tallness which becomes apparent at the age of five or six, and terrible cystic acne during adolescence. We will write a custom essay sample on The XYY Syndrome Essay Research Paper subject or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lower than mean intelligence and/or behavioural jobs, such as an explosive pique, aggressive or noncompliant actions, or sometimes antisocial behaviour are other symptoms. Some persons with this upset may besides hold linguistic communication troubles or psychosexual jobs. XYY Syndrome is frequently undiagnosed until trials for other medical grounds are performed. Other than being remarkably tall and/or holding behavioural jobs, in many instances, these male childs or work forces appear normal. Physical features of XYY Syndrome may include an exceptionally long caput with a somewhat protrusive brow, long custodies and pess, long ears, mild indenture of the sternum, and/or big dentitions. Poor thorax and shoulder musculus development is besides common. Even though males with this syndrome are big, they tend to be weak and uncoordinated. Some may hold a all right intentional shudder, such as agitating custodies when the attempt to imbibe a glass of H2O. Occasionally, a bony formation across the articulations in the two castanetss of the forearm ensuing in the stiffening of the affected articulations may happen. Other occasional symptoms are undescended testiss, a little phallus, or an gap located on the bottom of the phallus. For a long clip it was thought that XYY Syndrome persons had aggressive inclinations frequently associated with condemnable behaviour due to the excess Y chromosome. Epidemiologic surveies suggest that one out of every 35 institutionalised male juvenile delinquents has XYY Syndrome. However, it is now believed by some research workers that this behaviour is non due to the excess Y chromosome, but instead to the lower than mean intelligence and instruction degrees of these work forces. More research is needed to understand the function of this chromosomal abnormalcy on behaviour.

How to Become an Optician

How to Become an Optician There’s a famous episode of The Twilight Zone where a stressed man survives a nuclear apocalypse, and is thrilled to be left alone with nothing to do but read great books, only to have his essential reading glasses broken beyond repair. If you’re familiar with it, or you depend on your glasses and contact lenses, you might be extra thankful for your optician. Opticians are healthcare professionals who work with ophthalmologists, optometrists, and patients to make sure that glasses and contact lenses are exactly as prescribed and customized for the patient. Opticians are key players in helping us see the world clearly. Here are some information on how to become an optician. The Day-to-DayOpticians, also known as dispensing opticians, work in medical offices or retail stores. They take a vision prescription from a doctor (typically an optometrist or an ophthalmologist) and work with the patient to find and fit the correct eyewear. They may also perform eye tests that help the ophthalmologist determine a patient’s prescription. Once the prescription is established, the optician is usually the one to help the patient select and fit glasses or contact lenses, educate patients on follow-up care, and manage patient records. Informally, the optician may be able to provide you with good insight into whether that pair of glasses looks good on you, but formally he or she can also make sure that your prescription is accurate, that everything fits comfortably, and that your eyewear works with your lifestyle and needs. They serve an essential role in vision healthcare.Opticians typically work standard 40-hour workweeks, but this may include evenings and weekends, especially in retail eye clinics and stores. Also, because of the retail component, customer service is often a big part of the job.For more on what it’s like to be an optician, check out these videos:An Optician’s Main FocusOptometrist vs Ophthalmologist vs OpticianThe Requirement sBecoming an optician doesn’t require a specific four-year degree. Many enter the field with a high school diploma, though some have an Associate’s degree or a certificate from a community or technical college. On-the-job training is more of a focus in this field than a specific degree. About half of U.S. states require that opticians are licensed, so be sure to check your own state’s requirements.Opticians should have strong skills in customer service, management, communication skills, math, and basic anatomy.The PayAccording to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), opticians earn a median salary of $34,280, or $16.48 per hour.The OutlookThanks to our electronic devices causing eye strain for the foreseeable future, the future is bright for opticians. The BLSÂ  expects demand for opticians to grow by 24% by 2024.

Biography of Leonhard Euler, Influential Mathematician

Biography of Leonhard Euler, Influential Mathematician Leonhard Euler (April 15, 1707–September 18, 1783) was a Swiss-born mathematician whose discoveries greatly influenced the fields of mathematics and physics. Perhaps the best-known of Eulers findings is the Euler identity, which shows the relationship between fundamental mathematical constants and is often called the most beautiful equation in mathematics. He also introduced a notation for writing mathematical functions that is widely used today. Fast Facts: Leonhard Euler Occupation: MathematicianKnown For: The Euler identity, the function notation, and numerous other discoveries in mathematicsBorn: April 15, 1707 in Basel, SwitzerlandDied: September 18, 1783 in St. Petersburg, RussiaEducation: University of BaselParents’ Names: Paulus Euler and Margaretha BruckerSpouses Name: Katharina Gsell Early Life Leonhard Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland. He was the first child of Protestant minister Paulus Euler and Margaretha Brucker. In 1708, one year after Euler was born, the family moved to Riehen, a suburb a few miles from Basel. Euler grew up in the parsonage at Riehen with his two younger sisters. During Eulers early childhood, he learned mathematics from his father, who had an interest in mathematics and had taken courses with the notable mathematician Jakob Bernoulli while studying to become a theologian. Around 1713, Euler began attending a Latin grammar school in Basel, but the school did not teach mathematics, so Euler took private lessons. University In 1720, Euler entered the University of Basel at just 13 years old- an accomplishment that was not uncommon for the time. At university, he studied with Johann Bernoulli, Jakob Bernoulli’s younger brother, who gave Euler mathematical problems to solve each week and encouraged him to read advanced math textbooks. Bernoulli even offered to answer Euler’s math questions every Sunday afternoon, even though he was too busy to give him private lessons. In 1723, Euler completed a master’s degree in philosophy and began studying theology, as his parents had wanted. However, Euler was not nearly as excited about theology as he was about mathematics. He obtained his father’s permission to study mathematics instead, possibly with the help of Bernoulli. Euler finished his studies at the University of Basel in 1726. In 1727, he submitted an entry for the Grand Prize of the Paris Academy of Sciences concerning the optimal placement of masts on a ship. The first prize winner was an expert in the mathematics of ships, but Euler, who had not seen a ship before, won second place. Academic Career Euler was offered an academic appointment at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Russia. He moved there in 1727 and stayed until 1741. Although Euler’s post initially involved teaching the physics and math of physiology, he was soon appointed to the mathematics-physics division of the Academy. There, Euler advanced through different positions, becoming a professor of physics in 1730 and the senior chair in mathematics in 1733. The discoveries Euler made in St. Petersburg catapulted him to world fame. Euler married Katharina Gsell, a painter’s daughter, in 1733. Together, the couple had 13 children, five of whom survived to adulthood. In 1740, Euler was invited to Berlin by the Prussian king Frederick II to help establish an Academy of Sciences in the city. He moved to Berlin in 1741 and became the director of mathematics at the Academy in 1744. Euler remained prolific in Berlin, writing about 380 articles during his 25-year tenure. Contributions to Mathematics Some of Eulers most notable contributions include: The Euler identity: eiÏ€ 1 0. The Euler identity is often called the most beautiful equation in mathematics. This formula shows the relation between five mathematical constants: e, i, Ï€, 1, and 0. It has wide-ranging uses in mathematics and physics, including electronics.Mathematical function notation: f(x), where f stands for â€Å"function† and the variable of the function (here, x) is enclosed within the parentheses. This notation is widely used today. Later Life and Death By 1766, Eulers relations with Frederick II had soured, and he returned to the Academy of St. Petersburg upon invitation from Empress Catherine the Great. His eyesight was in decline, and by 1771, Euler was completely blind. Despite this obstacle, however, Euler continued his work. Ultimately, he produced half of his total research while completely blind with the help of scribes and his own impressive memory and mental calculation skills. On September 18, 1783, Euler died from a brain hemorrhage in St. Petersburg. After his death, the Academy at St. Petersburg continued publishing Euler’s prolific works for about 50 years. Legacy Euler made many important discoveries in the field of mathematics. While he is perhaps best known for the Euler identity, he was a prolific and accomplished mathematician whose contributions influenced graph theory, calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, physics, music theory, and astronomy. Sources Cajori, Florian. A History of Mathematical Notations: Two Volumes Bound as One. Dover Publications, 1993.Gautschi, Walter. â€Å"Leonhard Euler: His Life, the Man, and His Works.† SIAM Review, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 3-33.O’Connor, J. J., and Robertson, E. F. â€Å"Leonhard Euler.† University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1998.Thiele, Ruediger. â€Å"The Mathematics and Science of Leonhard Euler (1707-1783).†

Current Events in International Entrepreneurship Essay

Current Events in International Entrepreneurship - Essay Example What is observable is the general rise in the Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity throughout the world between the year 2010 and 2011 which contradicts with the experience in previous years. While efficiency-driven economies improved by nearly 25%, innovation-driven economies followed with a 22% increase. In fact, there are various factors that can be measured in order to understand entrepreneurship in a nation. The first one among them is the percentage of working age population who own or are engaged in setting up a new business. In addition, it is helpful to understand the informal investment rate. It means the percentage of the population who has personally invested in the business run by some other one. According to the GEM 2011 Global Report, some other important measures are the percentage of ventures with new products and new services, the percentage of foreign customers, and people’s belief about the chances for setting up a new business in their country. In or der to understand the situation in the nation, it may also be useful to assess people’s attitude towards new entrepreneurs in the society. It can be understood by checking if people believe entrepreneurs get high status in the society. Another vital measure is the involvement of media. For example, people’s perception of the degree of media exposure new successful ventures get has an impact on the entrepreneurship in total. 2. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Its Components In fact, the entrepreneurship ecosystem consists of six domains which effectively classify the hundreds of elements the ecosystem. They are conducive culture, enabling policies and leadership, availability of appropriate finance, quality human capital, venture-friendly markets, and infrastructural supports. The mere fact is that each ecosystem is in fact unique in nature with its own features. For example, in Taiwan, the ecosystem developed in the context of a huge accrual of highly successful Taiwanes e expatriates in the US. Similarly, the Chinese ecosystem is marked by a totalitarian government and diverse regional policies. Another interesting point is that a time comes when an entrepreneurship ecosystem becomes self-sustaining in nature. To illustrate, when it is found that all the six domains are strong enough to reinforce mutually, it is possible for the government to reduce its control over the market. As Isenberg points out, the various domains of entrepreneurship ecosystem can be identified as leadership, government financial capital, early customers, networks, labor, educational institutions, infrastructure, support professions, nongovernment institutions, societal norms, and success stories. Out of these factors, the leadership helps through social legitimacy, support, and policies. Also, there can be investment support, regulatory frameworks, and tax benefits. While educational institutions help in the form of special entrepreneurship training and degrees, societal no rms help through tolerance of risk, mistakes and failure. 3. Entrepreneurial Finance across the World It is generally found that in all countries, young and new firms have les dependence on bank financing and are more inclined towards informal financing. However, it is seen that in those nations with strict rules and better credit information, the

Energy and Metabolism, Nutrition, and the Digestive System (Synopsis) Essay

Energy and Metabolism, Nutrition, and the Digestive System (Synopsis) - Essay Example These compounds are further subdivided into many classes such as Carbohydrates into monosaccharides and polysaccharides, Proteins into amino acids and lipids into triglycerides and fatty acids (Saturated and Unsaturated). All these compounds which form the basic requirements of our body and food contribute in the process of formation of ATP, the basic energy providing compound of our body. These biochemical compounds when enter our digestive system are further broken down into their very basic compound or particle which then undergoes the process of metabolism (either anabolism or catabolism) to form ATP. Our digestive system consists of oral cavity where food is chewed, esophagus for the transfer of chewed food, stomach for the breaking down and absorption of some of the food specially Vitamin B12 and proteins and intestines (small and large) for the further absorption and digestion of remaining undigested food and removal of left over undigested food through the anal canal. All the se systems form the basis of body’s energy providing system along with liver where most of the absorbed compounds are taken and there they undergo the process of metabolism to form the basic energy providing compound of the body. An abnormality in any of them e.g. hepatitis, peptic ulcers could lead to less nutrition supplied to the body ( malnutrition) and even

The Rio de Janeiro Experience Essay Example for Free

The Rio de Janeiro Experience Essay Life is full of contradictions. The aforementioned adage exemplifies the main message of the narrative that talks about the experience of Isabel Jones in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. As mentioned by Barthes, narrative plays an important role in the lives of people and also the society as a whole because it provides the necessary story and information about the various beliefs, values, experiences, and other important parts of an individual’s life. In the same manner, the narrative about the experience of one person in Rio de Janeiro does not only expresses a part of that person’s life but rather it also talks about important issues about the country of Brazil and its relevance in to the society. Being the case, it is essential that the narrative is critically analyzed in order to see whether life is indeed full of contradictions as seen in the eyes of an individual who actually experienced and realized such kind of reality. The first part of the narrative talks about the process by which the Isabel Jones has to live her country, the United States of America and travel far into a foreign land. The moment where Isabel left the Los Angeles and eventually her country, symbolizes the process of parting not only in terms of territorial boundaries but also when it comes to the comfort zone of the person. Living her country of origin starts her journey of experiencing new things that she is not used to. In addition, the transition of living for a new country is actually a metaphor that symbolizes the departure of Isabel from her usual way of thinking about life and comfortable lifestyle in order to venture into new experiences that will substantially change her perspective about many things, especially life in general. After Isabel’s arrival in Brazil the flow of the narrative is actually divided into two distinct experiences, wherein she came face to face with both the good and bad sides of Brazil, specifically Rio de Janeiro. The first impression that she had of Rio de Janeiro is the active and happy people that always have smiles in their faces. In relation to this, she also noticed the way by which people of various colors tend to harmoniously co-exist with each other because they each know their limitation. The use of vivid description about the scene that Isabel saw puts her narrative into life, especially with her imagery that is full of color that is also used in making the narrative of Imaginary Homelands more real-life to its readers. The narrative even pointed out the exceptional sceneries of Rio de Janeiro by using irony of comparison, which is exemplified when she described the beach that is made of black and white stones. During this part of the narrative, Isabel’s perception of contradiction or differences are actually in a positive light that added more beauty to the new city that she is in. The frame of mind of Isabel is not explicitly shown in this part of narrative just like Jayne Anne Phillips’ Cheers (1979), the description of Rio de Janeiro’s shows her perspective without directly telling it. When Isabel was already on her way to the Ipanema Lodge, she was already having a preview of the actual irony of the situation in Rio de Janeiro wherein she is both fascinated and confronted by the beautiful sceneries and interesting facts that Lunzinho were describing to her, which gives importance to the history of the country just like the way Isabel Alliende wrote her narrative entitled Unrooted Childhood but she also took notice of the children sleeping in cardboard boxes. This is the first instance that Isabel is hit by the reality that Rio de Janeiro is not all color and fun because there is actually a depressing reality with it and that is poverty. Once Isabel arrived in the Ipanema Lodge she was introduced to her roommate, Christina Lopez. The narrative included the actual conversation between Isabel Jones and Christina Lopez during the first time that they meet each other. It is quite obvious in their exchange of conversation that these women already like each other because there is a certain connection among them that made them feel at ease with each other. The comfortable relationship between Isabel and Christina is brought about by the common interest that they have like teaching children and even when it come to their sense of humor, which is quite observable when they both found the reaction of Lunzinho as funny. The inclusion of conversation in the narrative gives its readers a more vivid impression of the relationship that exists between the two women. The exchange of conversation between two people is one of the most effective way to properly establish the dynamics of the relationship of the main actors who are involved in a narrative, which is also exemplified in the work Martin Amis’ wherein he used the actual conversation of him and his father in order to let the reader see and identify their actual relationship. Isabel spent her following experiences in Rio de Janeiro with the company of Christina. The first things that they did together are enjoy the luxury and amenities of the Ipanema Lodge, especially its beach. Both women were having fun in the Ipanema beach when they met young men who they thought at first will protect them but eventual became the cause of trouble. At first, Isabel and Christina thought the young man was kind enough to offer his assistance to two women by means of making sure that no guys in the beach will take advantage of them. The two women, having good-natured qualities just allow the young man to help them but the young man does not know his limitations and even threaten the NGO representative that was assigned to the two women. In this incident, Isabel saw that her previous notion that people in Rio de Janeiro know their limits, do not apply to all people because there are also those who will break the rules and get themselves hurt just like what happen to the young man. In the behavior of the young man, the concept of psychoanalysis that is given importance in the post-modern theory of narrative is highlighted. Isabel and Christina are not the only people who are puzzled and shaken by the behavior of the young man because the inclusion of this incident in the narrative also makes its readers question psychological well-being of the person as well as the possible reasons that turn him into such kind of person. The most important and life-changing part of Isabel’s travel to Rio de Janeiro is when she experienced going to the favelas or slums in Brazil. Isabel and Christina personally experience the poverty in the country wherein the young children that they have to teach are not given the opportunity to study or even play because most of them have to work at a very young age. Both women saw and feel the depression situation of the people in the favelas with their homes squatted in mountain side and the difficulty of the people to make ends meet for their everyday needs. It is in this situation that the narrative regarding Isabel’s experience in Rio de Janeiro does not only tell about her story but it also narrated the people in the favelas and the situation of Brazil. The experience of Isabel in Rio de Janeiro allowed her to see the contradictions of life that the presence of good and lavish things in life also meant the existence of untoward things like poverty. Isabel’s visit in Rio de Janeiro changed her perspective about being a teacher and also her perspective in life because there is a deeper awareness within herself and also a challenge to contribute something and make a difference as an educator.

Ancient and Modern Elements in Julie Taymors Adaptation of Shakespeare

Ancient and Modern Elements in Julie Taymor's Adaptation of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus Roman coliseum . . . Formica kitchen Armored warrior . . . Armored tank Gregorian Chant . . . Hard Rock White toga . . . Metallic business suit Ancient Rome . . . Modern America At first glance, these categories appear entirely incompatible, unable to exist together. However, in Julie Taymor's adaptation of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, we find that they are compatible after all. With elaborate sets, stunning costumes, and a remarkable film score, Taymor blurs the boundaries that divide them and creates a world that accommodates both ancient Rome and modern America. The film soundtrack was an important element in creating the juxtaposed world that Taymor desired. Taymor selected Elliot Goldenfall, a veteran composer for the stage and screen whom she had known for twenty years, to head the scoring. Their long association served them well in this endeavor - the final film score was both stunning and effective in combining ancient and modern musical elements. Goldenfall manipulated four main musical styles to score the film (symphonic, jazz, hard rock, and aria), and each style represented particular emotions. The opening scene in the coliseum is a particularly potent display of Taymor and Goldenfall's artistic creativity. Warriors covered in gray armor, stoic faces smeared with a bluish-gray paste, march resolutely into the coliseum. As they move into formation, Goldenfall uses the powerful sounds of symphonic music to instill a feeling of triumph. Horns blare victoriously. Footsteps are marched in a steady andante, matched with heavy drums. A strong male chorus joins the music, the singing reminiscent of modal G... ...us, and various dignitaries enter the dining room, Goldenfall inserts a muted Italian aria, like one heard in a fine Italian restaurant. Considering the nature of the scene and the audience's knowledge of what is to be served, the aria serves to increase audience disgust. And as the beautiful music wafts through the background of the scene and Tamora eats the flesh of her own sons, the revulsion is intensified. It is almost a relief when the scene erupts into violence. It is not an easy task to fuse modern society with that of ancient Rome. However, under Taymor's direction the sets, costumes, and film score accomplish just that. In particular, by combining modern and archaic music styles, Goldenfall successfully augments the effects Taymor strives for. The result is a high-powered film that takes Shakespeare's classic to levels it has not previously been taken.

One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay

The six psychological approaches are biological, learning or behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural, psychodynamic, and humanistic. Each approach is unique in its own way and used by psychiatrists to diagnose the problem. A biological approach is applied when the there is a known medical condition. The medical condition normally connects to mental health, and the solution comes from therapy. This particular approach looks at the whole body. The learning or behavioral approach is all about analyzing the person’s the behavior and modifying their behavior biased on their response to the environment. This approach works from positive and negatives items in their environment, and is sometimes cured by brings these elements in and out of their life to fix the problem. The events in the environment can be rewards or punishments that will influence the patients behavior. The cognitive perspective is about understand a patients thinking and understanding. How we process, store, and retrieve information influences our behavior. It is said that all problems are located in the brain, and using this perspective you can find a medical issue that is affecting how the brain is working. The sociocultural approach is when the mental health has something to do with the environment that deals with growth. The culture in which the patient is a large factor. In a psychodynamic approach an individual’s problem is inside the unconscious mind. This can be from a dramatic event that happened earlier in their life. Sometimes the cure can be from the patient themselves accepting the fact, or acknowledging that they have a problem. The final approach is a humanistic approach. This is about individual or self directed choices that influence behavior. This approach deals with the physical health of a patient to eventually cure their mental health. There is a well known philosophy that a healthy mind equals a healthy body. In this approach, a psychologist will control the patients diet and exercise to regain their mental health. The hospital used many methods on the mentally ill patients. They had group counseling scheduled every day where Mrs. Ratchet interrogated the patients and made them feel uncomfortable. The hospital also had electric shock therapy and lobotomy as other treatment methods. Also, the hospital gave the patients medicine, this is a biological approach, even though it was given to these people unwillingly. Mrs. Ratchet also allowed McMurphy to receive a vote in order to watch the ball game and she bended the rules or was too strict in order to win her position. This is a behavioral approach because McMurphy watched the baseball probably in his normal environment at home. She teased him with the thought of watching the game as a reward, then took it away. McMurphy had behavioral or learning approach. He would congratulate people when they did things he thought were good and he would yell at them when he thought they did something bad. For example, when McMurphy taught Chief how to shoot a basketball, he cheered after every point he made. The other patients looked up to and really admired McMurphy, which put him in a very powerful position. He had a strong effect on the other patients and they really admired him. Chief Bromden’s recovery began when McMurphy came to the hospital and started talking to him and making him do tasks. McMurphy worked on chief to see if he was smart enough to complete simple tasks. The first step was him raising his hands above his head at the basketball court, which was the first movement he had done in his whole time being there. Before chief wouldn’t handle directions from others very well. His next step was raising his hand to vote on watching the baseball game, which McMurphy also encouraged greatly. Later, McMurphy rounded up the patients to play some basketball. McMurphy passed the ball to Chief and he shot it, which was followed by him beginning to follow orders and run up and down the court. The final step was when McMurphy gave him the gum before Electroshock Therapy and the Chief spoke fo r the first time at the clinic. After this, chief revealed his intelligence to McMurphy. Ken Kesey was always very interested, and was very talented with the subject of psychology. In 1959 he volunteer to take part in a study named Project mkultra  , this was a CIA funded project dealing with psychoactive drugs. Some of the drugs included were LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, cocaine, AMT, and DMT. This and his work at the state veterans hospital, which gave him access to LSD, inspired him to write One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. At the state veterans hospital, Kesey spent a lot of time talking to the patients. sometimes under the influence of the hallucinogenic drugs with which he had volunteered to experiment. Kesey did not believe that these patients were insane. Kesey believed that society had pushed them out because they did not fit in the the culture, and that they just wanted a place to keep all the mentally ill. I think that Kesey was trying to convey to people at mentally ill hospitals were treated in a bad manner. He tried to show people that the mentally ill were probably sheltered away from everybody just because they were different. The hospital portrayed in the film didn’t seem to help the patients out or want them to recover and go home. They seemed to have no rights. These patients adjusted to this lifestyle and didn’t want to leave, that is a problem when the assumed goal was to improve these people’s problems. The rewards from good behavior seemed nonexistent and He also wanted to show how cruel the punishments were in the hospital. â€Å"Psychedelic 60s: Ken Kesey & the Merry Pranksters. † Psychedelic 60s: Ken Kesey & the Merry Pranksters. University of Virginia / Charlottesville, Virginia, 16 Dec. 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. . I really enjoyed One flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. I thought the movie was genius. There were parts of humor, and it kept you interested and wondering so many things. I enjoyed that there were many main plots and side plots, like the hospital verses the patients, or the patients versus their own recovery. McMurphy was a very mysterious character, because he was crazy, and nobody could figure out if there was anything wrong with him. I though that putting him in that section of the hospital was a mistake, because he is so manipulative and high functioning that he abused all the hospital’s loop-holes. At the same time he was very good for the patients. I also enjoyed the character and all their different problems and personality differences. I enjoyed watching how Billy and the Chief progressed mentally throughout the film. I also love the thought of people breaking structure, and that is what McMurphy definitely succeeded in. This movie very closely related to psychology, because it directly dealt with people who were mentally ill. Also psychology was involved when McMurphy used his genius mind to go against the hospital in various ways. Thinking of these schemes uses a large amount of psychology. Even for the viewers, the movie left you deep in thought, with predicting and questioning what is going to happen next. This movie made you think deeply making this a very psychological movie.

Drug Abuse Essay

Drug abuse has an effect on all aspects of life; overall health and wellness, family life, and the community. With there being so many different kinds of drugs the effects are endless. The effect of drug abuse does not discriminate or focus on any one person. Drug abuse can be found in any area of the world and the overall effects can be devastating to anyone involved. A person’s choice to use any kind of illegal drug or abusing prescribed medicines can have a damaging impact on their overall health and wellness. This damaging effect on addicts overall health and wellness can be both short and long term. An active addict can face many health changes and challenges throughout the time that they choose to use. There can be many short term effects that depend on exactly what drug is being abused. There are drugs that can raise your heart rate, make you hallucinate, and even dehydrate you badly. â€Å"The impact of addiction can be far reaching. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and lung disease can all be affected by drug abuse. Some of these effects occur when drugs are used at high doses or after prolonged use; however, some may occur after just one use.† An addict can face many mental health issues during their addiction that can have a devastating effect on their own life. Women substance abusers are more likely than men to have poor self-concepts (low self-esteem, guilt, self-blame) and high rates of mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar affective disorder, suicidal ideation, psychosexual disorders, eating disorders, and Post traumatic stress disorder.† â€Å"Chronic use of some drugs of abuse can cause long-lasting changes in the brain, which may lead to paranoia, depression, aggression, and hallucinations.† The addict has a giant effect on their family and home environment. There can be many issues that a family must face when an addict is living in the home. There can be many forms of abuse in a home where there is an addict. There can be sexual abuse, financial abuse, physical abuse and emotional abuse in any home. The addiction is not responsible for the violence but can intensify and make it more common. When an addict is deep in their addiction they will often put financial responsibilities of the home off to get high instead. This can cause child neglect by no food being in home, no  electricity or heat. There can be consequences for the children living in a home with an active addict. These consequences may not show up for years until the child of the addict is grown. â€Å"The disturbed home and family setup, the inter-parental and parent-child conflict, parental neglect in large families, defective disciplinary techniques (too lax or too strict) and family disorganization ar e considered as some of the causes of drug abuse.† There is a higher risk of children of an addict growing up to become addicts themselves An addict has an effect on the community in which they live. This effect from an addict can cause problems for the entire community There is more possibility of crime and erratic behavior in the community where an active addict is living. A defining characteristic of addictive behavior is that they involve in the pursuit of short-term gratification at the expense of long-term harm When a person is under the influence of any drug they may not be fully conscious of the choices that they are making. When there is an active drug area in the community there is usually more violence and less desired living situations. When there are drugs in a common area that area becomes more prone to violence and could actually desensitize the people in the community When you have shootings, robberies, rapes, and murders in any area there will be less of a desire for anybody to want to live there. Conclusion In conclusion with their being so much drug abuse in today’s society where do we begin to help break the cycle? We have seen that the problem is a mental health issue that begins with the addict; however drug abuse has an effect on all aspects of life; overall health and wellness, family life, and the community. If we stop judging the addicts and making them feel so much shame and embarrassment, we can lift them up, encourage them and support them to better then it can change the overall hurt and damage that is being inflicted on our people and society.

Hitler Good leader Compared to Odysseus Essay Example

Hitler Good leader Compared to Odysseus Essay Example Hitler Good leader Compared to Odysseus Paper Hitler Good leader Compared to Odysseus Paper The Odyssey Was Hitler a good leader? He was a good leader; Hitler was well spoken, very charismatic and very persuasive. He had a way to get others to follow and believe in his visions and beliefs. 1. He is both a good leader and hero. Hero he never backed down from a fight, he left Ithaca not knowing he will return. He is a leader because he is fearless, cautious and sneaky. Fearless in any obstacle he has to face, he has everything he has against monsters, gods. He fought Circe when she turned his men into pigs, and facing all those suitors that try and take his place as king. As he approaches obstacles, he always finds a solution. As he approaches the Sirens, he orders his men to put beeswax in their ears to prevent them from crashing their ships due to their beautiful and enchanting songs. Without Odysseus cautiousness, his crew would have risk everyones lives by going into dangerous situations. A hero is someone who does something courageous or valiant, anyone can be a hero. A leader is someone who can easily take control of a situation and direct, take charge of people, or motivate people; only a select few people are truly natural leaders. Not all heroes are leaders, some in situations think of themselves and not the big picture. Most leaders can be heroes, it takes a lot of courage to take upon a responsibility and carry that throughout. Like Odysseus he was both a hero and a leader. He saved his men multiple times making him a hero and he was a great leader in which everyone respected him for. When trapped in the cave of Polymers Odysseus acts like a leader coming up with a brilliant plan that help his men escape, making him a hero in the end. Leaders need to have certain attributions such as Honesty- Leaders have o be honest, those under your charge must trust you, and if they do not then they will not follow. Responsibility- Making decisions and living up to the consequences. Good leaders do not blame others for what they have done, they deal with the situation. Confidence- Believing in one self is important for a leader because if you do not and others see they will not trust or follow. Enthusiasm-Having energy and emphasizing the importance of what you mean. If you cannot get a crowd to move or get their attention then no one will listen or follow. Reliability- Being a leader people kook for you to be the back support of a group. They rely on you to get them to the situation. Patience- Needed in order to be able to explain, teach, and demonstrate the charges or simple things to anyone. Determination- See tasks through to the bitter end, and keeps your charges motivated to continue. Loyalty- Being committed to whatever you believe and making people have the faith in you. Courage- As a leader, you must have courage in order to be decisive. You cant be afraid of failure, or else you will not be able to function as a leader. Have the courage to stick to your invocations or go with a gut instinct. Dont be afraid to try a new approach. Cyclops, you ask my honorable name? Remember the gift you promised me, I shall tell you. My name is Nobody: mother, father, and friends, everyone calls me Nobody (9. 395-398) Steer wide; keep well to seaward; plug your oarsmans ear with beeswax kneaded soft; none of the rest should hear that song (12. 57-60). Mimi took my house to still alive. Contempt was all you had for the gods who rule wide heaven, contempt for what men say of you hereafter. Your last hour has come. You die in blood (12. 38-43).

Definition and Examples of Title Case and Headline Style

Definition and Examples of Title Case and Headline Style Title case is one of the conventions used for capitalizing the words in a title, subtitle, heading, or headline: capitalize the first word, the last word, and all major words in between. Also known as  up style and headline style. Not all style guides agree on what distinguishes a major word from a minor word. See the guidelines below from the American Psychological Association (APA Style), The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago Style), and the Modern Language Association (MLA Style). Examples and Observations Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day, by Judith Viorst and Ray Cruz(the title of a book in title case)A Matter of Concern: Kenneth Burke, Phishing, and the Rhetoric of National Insecurity by Kyle Jensen (Rhetoric Review, 2011)(the title of a journal article in title case)The Lover Tells of the Rose in His Heart by William Butler Yeats(the title of a poem in title case)Probing Link to Bin Laden, U.S. Tells Pakistan to Name Agents(a headline in title case from The New York Times)APA Style: Major Words in Titles and HeadingsCapitalize major words in titles of books and articles within the body of the paper. Conjunctions, articles, and short prepositions are not considered major words; however, capitalize all words of four letters or more. Capitalize all verbs (including linking verbs), nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns. When a capitalized word is a hyphenated compound, capitalize both words. Also, capitalize the first word after a colon or a dash in a title . . . .Exception: In titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon or em dash, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the second word of a hyphenated compound.(Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. American Psychological Association, 2010) Chicago Style: Principles of Headline-Style CapitalizationThe conventions of headline style are governed mainly by emphasis and grammar. The following rules, though occasionally arbitrary, are intended primarily to facilitate the consistent styling of titles mentioned or cited in text and notes:Capitalize the first and last words in titles and subtitles (but see rule 7), and capitalize all other major words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and some conjunctionsbut see rule 4).Lowercase the articles the, a, and an.Lowercase prepositions, regardless of length, except when they are used adverbially or adjectivally (up in Look Up, down in Turn Down, on in The On Button, to in Come To, etc.) or when they compose part of a Latin expression used adjectivally or adverbially (De Facto, In Vitro, etc.).Lowercase the conjunctions and, but, for, or, and nor.Lowercase to not only as a preposition (rule 3) but also as part of an infinitive (to Run, to Hide, etc.), and lowercase as in any grammatical function.Lowercase the part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text, such as de or von.Lowercase the second part of a species name, such as fulvescens in Acipenser fulvescens, even if it is the last word in a title or subtitle.(The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. The University  of Chicago Press, 2010) MLA Style: Titles of Works in the Research PaperThe rules for capitalizing titles are strict. In a title or subtitle, capitalize the first word, the last word, and all principal words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms. Therefore, capitalize the following parts of speech:Nouns . . .Pronouns . . .Verbs . . .Adjectives . . .Adverbs . . .Subordinating conjunctionsDo not capitalize the following parts of speech when they fall in the middle of a title:Articles . . .Prepositions . . .Coordinating conjunctions . . .The to in infinitives . . .Use a colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless the title ends in a question mark or an exclamation point. Include other punctuation only if it is part of the title or subtitle.(MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. The Modern Language Association of America, 2009)The difference between title case and every word in capitals is minor, and we think that very few of your users will notice. But Opt For Every Word In Capitals And A Few Of Your Users Will Find Themselves Mentally Correcting Every Wrongly Capitalized Word. Its a bit like the use of apostrophes: most people dont notice whether or not you are correct; some people definitely do and their irritation about your mistakes will distract them from the smooth flow of questions and answers.Our bottom line: opt for sentence case if you can.(Caroline Jarrett and Gerry Gaffney, Forms That Work: Designing Web Forms for Usability. Morgan Kaufmann, 2009)

Manets painting The Ragpicker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manets painting The Ragpicker - Essay Example Instead, they find no problem and spend that money on beautiful and attractive architecture buildings that is everyone’s envy. And in this poem, the elder boy comes to the realization that it is only those people who are not like him who enters this beautiful house. Precisely, it is not for the poor to enter the facility. Further, the poem points out at the wide division between the poor and the rich. The poor is viewed as dirty and vile. Baudelaire’s Poem enlightens the readers of the problem existing in the society, the impoverished v.s. The wealthy but leaves it upon to people to do what they feel about it. Similarly, the communist manifesto discusses the division of the society into two social classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. It goes even deeper to define the division by espousing the other perspectives like free man and slave; plebian and patrician; serf and lord among others (Engels, Friedrich, & Karl Marx, 2). The communist manifesto vents out about the antagonism between the bourgeoisie and proletariats. It discusses how the differences bring about conditions of oppression meted out at the poor in the society. It highlights how to struggle to become rich is killing values social ties among families and religious morals that the society had.   The struggle between the two social classes has made the relationship between people be defined by money. Both readings tackle the realism of life and how social classes brings about suffering and struggles in the society.

Lindsay Lohan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lindsay Lohan - Essay Example According to Russell Davies, Lindsay Lohan's negative publicity is helping her lagging career. Her target audience loves the drama in her life and has her fans begging for more. She appeals to her audience in the following ways: Drama: She is constantly embroiled in one drama or another; whether it is getting into a fight with her father or breaking up with her celebrity boyfriends or girlfriends. She has got more than enough media coverage over her love life In the past few years Lindsay has been in the news for all the wrong reasons. Drunken driving, alcoholism, addiction to prescription drugs, party hopping and multiple sexual relationships. Lohan's self- destructive behavior has generated concern among her fans that have idolized her. Achievement: Lindsay has been driven by the need of achievement at a very young age and has achieved success when she was a mere child. The possibility of failure may have made her insecure; hence it has come out in the destructive behavior that she has been indulging in lately. Autonomy: Perhaps the need for asserting her independence after years of shouldering the surrogate responsibility of supporting her family has led to a conflict within her subconscious needs, where she wants to give vent to the years when she wasn't able to have fun like other girls. Exhibition: She also drawn to the need for attention, perhaps Lohan believes that negative publicity is better than no publicity at all. Harm avoidance: she has put a restriction order on her father because she believes he has done enough damage to her immediate family. Succorance: There is also a chance that Lindsay's behavior is actually a subconscious cry for help, after her break up with Rogan she has openly confessed that "She is Alone." Celebrities often believe that they are above the law and that rules of social conduct do not apply to them because of their identity. They also revel in the media attention that they get when they suffer from addiction and other antisocial conflicts and behavior. According to Michael Scott, who works at Sierra Tucson, a renowned drug rehab facility in Arizona "Celebrities also know that admitting to an addiction gives them good press and can get them out of bad situations, such as fights, car accidents, moments of bigotry and so forth. By focusing on rehab, they avoid depictions of themselves as sexual predators, out-of-control alcoholics or people with severe psychiatric problems". There also certain glamour attached to celebrities who die young or destroy their lives and relationship, perhaps Lindsay Lohan is

Professional Sports in American History Movie Review

Professional Sports in American History - Movie Review Example As a result, neither the book nor the movie contain what is traditionally considered to be a protagonist, the type of character that someone gets emotionally involved with and roots for. In part, this is due to complexity of the characters who are not presented in simple black and white terms as stock heroes or villains. Because an author just by virtue of his medium has more time to evoke resonance and nuance than a fillmaker, Eliott Asinof succeeds in portraying the scandal with more complexity than John Sayles can in his film. The true story behind what really happened in any actual event is always dependent upon a variety of elements. Since no one involved at any level in this drama can possibly come out looking anything better than unscrupulous or gullible, it should not be at all surprising that any of them might have been unwilling to be completely honest. The statements given by the players to the Grand Jury raised more than questions than answers, and the true story of the gamblers who set the whole thing in motion will forever remain steeped in the mysterious code of omerta that makes most underworld dealings an account of rumors at best. That atmosphere of ambiguity and uncertainty is felt throughout the book and, indeed, lends it a sense of greatness. The reader can never be completely c ertain just how deeply involved in the scandal were such players Buck Weaver and Shoeless Joe Jackson. Since movies are made for the satisfaction of a mass audience that has less patience with unanswered questions, John Sayles was forced to be less indefinite. The film provides a starker contrast between those players who are committed to the act of athletic sabotage and those who are assumed to be mere pawns in a much more dangerous game. The difference is not necessarily artistic, but economic. The wider the intentended audience for a work art, the less likely one is to see nuance and subtlety. As an example, compare an independent film about a low-budget independent film about a parent/child relationship with any top rated sitcom. One central similarity between the book and the movie is the decision to make pitcher Eddie Cicotte the emotional center. Cicotte, despite being one of those players for which there is little doubt he was a willful participant, nevertheless seems to hav e the best reason of all to do what he did. The book and movie both present Cicotte as the primary recipient of White Sox owner Charlie Comiskey's sensational greed, but while also falling short of turning him into a hero; he was a great pitcher who was denied a bonus for winning thirty games in a season only because he, allegedly, Comiskey ordered him to be benched so he wouldn't have the chance. While both book and movie strive to make Eddie Cicotte at least sympathetic if not actualy laudable, he is used to different ideological aims in the two media. For Asinoff, Cicotte's position is exploited primarily as a figure who is opposition to Charlie Comiskey. In the book, Eddie Cicotte comes across as older and a bit more fragile, an aging pitcher whose arm was the feeling the effects of the thousands of balls he'd pitched over the year. Despite the fact that his contributions and loyalty were expressed in a 29-7 record, however, his bank account did not reflect his part in providing owner Comiskey with a team

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiber Optics

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiber Optics This paper looks at fiber optics as a technology that has been developing and improving the way the world communicates for more than two centuries. It examines its origins from 1790, when a French engineer Claude Chappe invented a system for sending messages using a series of semaphores mounted on top of two towers. This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of fiber optics and describes some of the uses of fiber optics in our everyday lives. It analyzes the manner in which fiber optic technology has revolutionised and advanced the field of telecommunications, imaging and data transmission. Modern information systems handle ever-increasing data loads, processor speeds and high-speed interconnection networks, thus impacting our world and expanding the boundaries of our technological development in all spheres of life. INTRODUCTION Nothing in the world gives us more power and confidence than having information. The ability to communicate information is essential to achieve the successful advancement of humankind. Transmission of information is imperative to the expansion of our horizons. What does this all have to do with fiber optics? This research paper will cover the basis of fiber optics in terms of its transmission, communication, origin, uses and applications. Fiber optics transports light in a very directional way. Light is focused into and guided through a cylindrical glass fiber. Inside the core of the fiber, light bounces back and forth at angles to the side walls, making its way to the end of the fiber where it eventually escapes. The light does not escape through the side walls because of total internal reflection. Why is fiber optics so important? Besides being a flexible conduit that is used to illuminate microscopic objects, fiber optics can also transmit information similarly to the way a copper wire can transmit electricity. However, copper transmits only a few million electrical pulses per second, compared to an optical fiber that carries up to a 20 billion light pulses per second. This means telephone, cable and computer companies can handle huge amounts of data transfers at once, much more than conventional wires can carry. Fiber optic cable was developed because of the incredible increase in the quantity of data over the past 20 years. Without fiber optic cable, the modern Internet and World Wide Web would not be possible. Origin of Fiber Optics Even though it may seem new, the origin of fiber optics actually that dates back several centuries. This is a brief timeline illustrating the history and discovery of fiber optics. 1790 French engineer Claude Chappe invented the first optical telegraph. This was an optical communication system which consisted of a series of human operated semaphoresmounted on top of a tower. 1870 Irish philosopher and physicist, John Tyndall, demonstrated to the Royal Society, that light used internal reflection to follow a specific path. This simple experiment marked the first research into the guided transmission of light. 1880 Alexander Graham Bell patented an optical telephone system called the photo phone. The photo phone was an optical voice transmission system that used light to carry a human voice. This unique device used no wires to connect the transmitter and the receiver. William Wheeler invented a system of light pipes lined with a highly reflective coating that lit up homes. He used a light from an electric arc lamp placed it in the basement and directed the light around the home with the pipes. 1888 Dr. Roth and Prof. Reuss of a medical company in Vienna used bent glass rods to illuminate body cavities. 1895 The French engineer Henry Saint-Rene designed a system of bent glass rods. 1898 David Smith, an American from Indianapolis, applied for a patent on a dental illuminator using a curved glass rod. 1926 John Logie Baird applies for British patent on an array of parallel glass rods or hollow tubes to carry image in a mechanical television. Bairds 30 line images were the first demonstrations of television using the total internal reflection of light. During the same year, Clarence W. Hansell outlined principles of the fiber optic imaging bundle 1930 Heinrich Lamm, a German medical student, was the first person to assemble a bundle of transparent fibers together to carry an image. During these experiments, he transmitted an image of a light bulb filament through the bundle of optical fibers. His attempt to file a patent is denied because of Hansells British patent. 1931 Owens-Illinois invented a method to mass-produce glass fibers for Fiberglas. 1937 Armand Lamesch of Germany applied for U.S. patent on two-layer glass fiber. 1939 Curvlite Sales offered illuminated tongue depressor and dental illuminators made of Lucite, a transparent plastic invented by DuPont. 1951 Holger Moeller applied for a Danish patent on fiber optic imaging in which he used cladding on glass or plastic fibers with transparent low-index material. This patent was also declined because of Hansells patents. In October of that same year, Brian OBrien, from the University of Rochester suggested to Abraham C. S. Van Heel of the Technical University of Delft, that applying a transparent cladding would improve transmission of fibers in his imaging bundle. 1954 The Dutch scientist Abraham Van Heel and British scientist Harold H. Hopkins separately published papers on imaging bundles. Hopkins delivered his paper on imaging bundles of unclad fibers while Van Heel reported on simple bundles of cladded fibers that greatly reduced signal interference. American Optical hired Will Hicks to implement and develop fiber optic image scramblers, an idea OBrien proposed to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 1955 Hirschowitz and C. Wilbur Peters hired an undergraduate student, Larry Curtiss, to work on their fiber optic endoscope project. 1956 Curtiss suggested making glass clad fibers by melting a tube onto a rod of higher-index glass. Later that year Curtiss made the first glass-clad fibers using the rod-in-tube method. 1957 Hirschowitz was the first to test fiber optic endoscope in a patient. The Image scrambler project ended after Hicks tells the CIA the code was easy to break. 1959 Working with Hicks, American Optical drew fibers so fine they transmitted only a single mode of light. Elias Snitzer recognised the fibers as single-mode waveguides. 1960 Theodore Maiman demonstrated the first laser at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu. 1961 Elias Snitzer of American Optical published a theoretical description of single mode fibers. A fiber with a core so small it could carry light with only one wave-guide mode. 1964 Charles Kao and George Hockham, of Standard Communications Laboratories in England, published a paper indicating that light loss in existing glass fibers could be decreased dramatically by removing impurities. 1967 Corning summer intern, Cliff Fonstad, made fibers. Loss is high, but Maurer decides to continue the research using titania-doped cores and pure-silica cladding. 1970 Corning Glass researchers Robert Maurer, Donald Keck and Peter Schultzinvented fiber optic wire or Optical Waveguide Fibers capable of carrying 65,000 times more information than copper wire. These optical fibers could carry information in a pattern of light waves and could be decoded at a destination a thousand miles away. The Corning breakthrough was among the most dramatic of many developments that opened the door to fiber optic communications. In that same year, Morton Panish and Izuo Hayashi of Bell Laboratories worked with a group from the Ioffe Physical Institute in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and made the first semiconductor diode laser capable of emitting continuous waves at room temperature. Telephone companies began to incorporate the use of optical fibers into their communications infrastructure. 1973 Bell Laboratories developed a modified chemical vapour deposition process that heats chemical vapours and oxygen to form ultra-transparent glass that can be mass-produced into low-loss optical fiber. This process still remains the standard for fiber-optic cable manufacturing 1975 First non-experimental fiber-optic link installed by the Dorset police in UK police after lightning knocks out their communication system 1977 Corning joined forces Siemens Corporation, to form Corning Cable Systems. Cornings extensive work with fiber, coupled with Siemens cabling technology, helped launch a new era in the manufacturing of optical fiber cable. General Telephone and Electronics started to send live telephone messages through underground fiber optic cables at 6Mbit/s, in Long Beach, California. Bell System started to send live telephone messages through fibers in underground ducts at 45Mbit/s, in downtown Chicargo. 1978 Optical fibers began to carry signals to homes in Japan AT T, British Post Office and STL pledge to develop a single mode transatlantic fiber cable to be operational by 1988. 1980 Graded-index fiber system carries video signals for the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. 1981 British Telecom transmits 140 million bits per second through 49 kilometers of single-mode fiber at 1.3 micrometers 1982 MCI leases the right of way to install single-mode fiber from New York to Washington. The system will operate at 400 million bits per second at 1.3 micrometers. 1984 British Telecom lays the first submarine fiber to carry regular traffic to the Isle of Wight. 1985 Single-mode fiber spreads across America, carrying long distance telephone signals at 400 million bits per second. 1986 The first fiber optic cable begins service across the English Channel. In the same year, ATT sends 1.7 billion bits per second through single-mode optic fiber 1991 Masataka Nakazawa of NTT reports sending soliton signals through a million kilometres of cable 1996 Fujitsu, NTT Labs and Bell Laboratories all report sending one trillion bits per seconds through a single optical fiber. They have all used separate experiments and different techniques to achieve this. APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTICS As the popularity of optical fibers continue to grow, so does their applications and practical uses. Fiber optic cables became more and more popular in a variety of industries and applications. Communications / Data Storage Since fiber optics are resistant to electronic noise, fiber optics has made significant advances in the field of communications. The use of light as its source of data transmission has improved the sound quality in voice communications. It is also being used for transmitting and receiving purposes. Military Optical systems offer more security than traditional metal-based systems. The magnetic interference allows the leak of information in the coaxial cables. Fiber optics is not sensitive to electrical interference; therefore fiber optics is suitable for military applications and communications, where signal quality and security of data transmission are important. The increased interest of the military in this technology caused the development of stronger fibers, specially designed cables and high quality components. It was also applied in more varied areas such as hydrophones for seismic and sonar, aircrafts, submarines and other underwater applications. Medical Fiber optics is used as light guides, imaging tools and as lasers for surgeries. Another popular use of fiber optic cable is in an endoscope, which is a diagnostic instrument that enables users to see through small holes in the body. Medical endoscopes are used for minimum invasive surgical procedures. Fiber optics is also used in bronchoscopes (for lungs) and laparoscopes. All versions of endoscopes look like a long thin tube, with a lens or camera at one end through which light is emitted from the bundle of optical fibers banded together inside the enclosure. Mechanical or Industrial Industrial endoscopes also called a borescope or fiberscope, enables the user to observe areas that are difficult to reach or to see under normal circumstances, such as jet engine interiors, inspecting mechanical welds in pipes and engines, inspecting space shuttles and rockets and the inspection of sewer lines and pipes. Networking Fiber optics is used to connect servers and users in a variety of network settings. It increases the speed, quality and accuracy of data transmission. Computer and Internet technology has improved due to the enhanced transmission of digital signals through optical fibers. Industrial/Commercial Fiber optics is used for imaging in areas which are difficult to reach. It is also used in wiring where electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a problem. It gets used often as sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements as well as in the wiring of motorcars and in industrial settings. Spectroscopy Optical fiber bundles are used to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyse its composition. A spectrometer analyses substances by bouncing light off of and through them. By using optical fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too large to fit inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels. Broadcast/CATV /Cable Television Broadcast or cable companies use fiber optic cables for wiring CATV, HDTV, internet, video and other applications. Usage of fiber optic cables in the cable-television industry began in 1976 and quickly spread because of the superiority of fiber optic cable over traditional coaxial cable. Fiber optic systems became less expensive and capable of transmitting clearer signals further away from the source signal. It also reduced signal losses and decreased the number of amplifiers required for each customer. Fiber optic cable allows cable providers to offer better service, because only one optical line is needed for every  ± 500 households. Lighting and Imaging Fiber optic cables are used for lighting and imaging and as sensors to measure and monitor a vast range of variables. It is also used in research, development and testing in the medical, technological and industrial fields. Fiber optics are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light needs to shine on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. In some buildings, optical fibers are used to route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the building. Optical fiber illumination is also used for decorative applications, including signs, art and artificial Christmas trees. Optical fiber is an essential part of the light-transmitting concrete building product, LiTraCon which is a translucent concrete building material. ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS The use of fiber optics is fast becoming the medium of choice for telecommunication systems, television transmission and data networks. Fiber optic cables have a multitude of advantages and benefits over the more traditional methods of information systems, such as copper or coaxial cables. Speed One of the greatest benefits to using fiber optic systems is the capacity and speed of such a system. Light travels faster than electrical impulses which allow faster delivery and reception of information. Fiber optic cables also have a much higher capacity for bandwidth than the more traditional copper cables. Immunity to electromagnetic interference Coaxial cables have a tendency for electromagnetic interference, which renders them less effective. Fiber optics is not affected by external electrical signals, because the data is transmitted with light. Security Optical systems are more secure than traditional mediums. Electromagnetic interference causes coaxial cables to leak information. Optical fiber makes it impossible to remotely detect the signal which is transmitted within the cable. The only way to do so is by actually accessing the optical fiber itself. Accessing the fiber requires intervention that is easily detectable by security surveillance. These circumstances make fiber optics extremely attractive to governments, banks and companies requiring increased security of data. Fire prevention Copper wire transmission can generate sparks, causing shortages and even fire. Because fiber optical strands use light instead of electricity to carry signals, the chance of an electrical fire is eliminated. This makes fiber optics an exceptionally safe form of wiring and one of the safest forms of data transmission. Data signalling Fiber optic systems are much more effective than coaxial or copper systems, because there is minimal loss of data. This can be credited to the design of optical fibers, because of the principle of total internal reflection. The cladding increases the effectiveness of data transmission significantly. There is no crosstalk between cables, e.g. telephone signals from overseas using a signal bounced off a communications satellite, will result in an echo being heard. With undersea fiber optic cables, you have a direct connection with no echoes. Unlike electrical signals in copper wires the light signals from one fiber do not interfere with those of other fibers in the same cable. This means clearer phone conversations or TV reception. Less expensive Several kilometers of optical cable can be made far cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire. Service, such as the internet is often cheaper because fiber optic signals stay strong longer, requiring less power over time to transmit signals than copper-wire systems, which need high-voltage transmitters. Large Bandwidth, Light Weight and Small Diameter Modern applications require increased amounts of bandwidth or data capacity, fiber optics can carry much larger bandwidth through a much smaller cable and they arent prone to the loss of information. With the rapid increase of bandwidth demand, fiber optics will continue to play a vital role in the long-term success of telecommunications. Space constraints of many end-users are easily overcome because new cabling can be installed within existing duct systems. The relatively small diameter and light weight of optical cables makes such installations easy and practical. Easy Installation and Upgrades Long lengths of optical cable make installation much easier and less expensive. Fiber optic cables can be installed with the same equipment that is used to install copper and coaxial cables. Long Distance Signal Transmission The low attenuation and superior signal capacity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals of signal transmission than metallic-based systems. Metal based systems require signal repeaters to perform satisfactory. Fiber optic cables can transmit over hundreds of kilometres without any problems. Even greater distances are being investigated for the future. To use fiber optics in data systems have proven to be a far better alternative to copper wire and coaxial cables. As new technologies are developed, transmission will become even more efficient, assuring the expansion of telecommunication, television and data network industries. DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS Despite the many advantages of fiber optic systems, there are some disadvantages. The relative new technology of fiber optic makes the components expensive. Fiber optic transmitters and receivers are still somewhat expensive compared to electrical components. The absence of standardisation in the industry has also limited the acceptance of fiber optics. Many industries are more comfortable with the use of electrical systems and are reluctant to switch to fiber optics. The cost to install fiber optic systems is falling because of an increase in the use of fiber optic technology. As more information about fiber optics is made available to educate managers and technicians, the use of fiber optics in the industry will increase over time. The advantages and the need for more capacity and information will also increase the use of fiber optics in our everyday life. Conclusion From its humble beginnings in the 1790s to the introduction of highly transparent fiber optic cable in the 1970s, very high-frequency optic fibers now carry phenomenal loads of communication and data signals across the country and around the world. From surgical procedures to worldwide communication via the internet, fiber optics has revolutionised our world. Fiber optics has made important contributions to the medical field, especially with regards to surgery. One of the most useful characteristics of optical fibers is their ability to enter the minute passageways and hard-to-reach areas of the human body. But perhaps the greatest contribution of the 20th century is the combination of fiber optics and electronics to transform telecommunications. Fiber optic transmission has found a vast range of applications in computer systems. As we move towards a more sophisticated and modern future, the uses of fiber optics are increasing in all computer systems as well as telecommunication networks. As new optical fibers are being made, many telecommunication companies are joining forces to share the cost of installing new network cables. In July 2009 and underwater fiber optic cable was put down along the East African coast by Seacom. New technologies are constantly being invented and video phones and video conferencing such as Skype are becoming an everyday occurrence in many businesses and households. Shopping from home via the internet and online stores such as Amazon.com and Kalahari.net are making many peoples lives easier. Even television on demand, such as being offered by DSTV, will replace the current cable television systems of today. We live in a technological age that is the result of many brilliant discoveries and inventions. However, it is our ability to transmit information and all the media we use to achieve this that is responsible for this evolution. Our progress from using copper wire a century ago to modern day fiber optics that can transmit phenomenal loads of data over longer and longer distances at ever increasing speed has expanded the boundaries of our technological development in all spheres of life.