Leading the Catholic School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Driving the Catholic School - Essay Example This paper announces that culture is a perplexing idea that concedes to a few definitions, yet the most thorough is the combination proposed by Gallagher of â€Å"culture† as a thought that contains the accompanying attributes: human, conventional and dynamic, advancing and strict, shared by and with others, includes complex obvious variables, a declaration of a dream, contains conduct standards and reaction designs, institutional or representative, adds importance what exactly is common, otherworldly and strict, self-imparting, untrustworthy and sustainable, and established in strict awareness. This conversation investigates that culture changes or develops after some time, characterized and modified by connections among the people who make up human Culture isn't solid on the grounds that the human operators or entertainers who are permeated with knowledge and unrestrained choice give culture its dynamism through cooperation and co-activity, offering ascend to sub-societies that add to cultural assorted variety. Culture is a component of any human culture and is molded by the conduct of everybody in that society who learns and shares that culture with people in the future. Culture likewise shapes their conduct and point of view, and decides how they think, feel, and act. Culture can be dissected utilizing a few viewpoints and systems since it is obvious to spectators. These signs extend from the entirely substantial and clear that one can see and feel to the profoundly implanted, oblivious, essential presumptions that structure its pith.

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay Example for Free

Starvation, Affluence, and Morality Essay In Singer’s article Famine, Affluence, and Morality, his primary objective is to get the point over that there are individuals in the creating scene that are starving and have an absence of medicinal services and the absence of asylums. He contends about how well-to-do nations respond to the issues like Bengal and the manner in which they take a gander at the ethical issue encompassing it. He additionally contends that the lifestyle is underestimated by riches individuals. The principal counter-contention in the article is â€Å"the see that numbers do make a difference† (Singer, 1971). It alludes to if each wealthy individual would give 5 dollars to the Bengal Relief Fund that cash would include. In this way, there is no motivation to need to give more cash than any other person similarly situated. Artist contends this is based off a theoretical circumstance. He, in any case, says in the article that it is extremely unlikely for that work since nobody would give in excess of 5 dollars then there would not be sufficient cash to give food, safe house, and clinical consideration. He says by giving in excess of 5 dollars he will have the option to end all the more anguish. The second counter contention individuals don't pass judgment on the manner in which Singer recommended they should. Numerous individuals will in general hush up about their decisions except if they go over the edge, step out limits, and break some kind of good code. The model that Singer utilizes is taking somebody else’s property. The vast majority tend not to look awful on claiming costly things as opposed to providing for individuals less blessed. Singer’s reaction to this contention is, â€Å"unless that standard is dismissed, or the contentions are demonstrated to be unsound, I figure the end must stand anyway weird it shows up. It may, by the by, be fascinating to consider why our general public, and most different social orders, do pass judgment on another way from the manner in which I have recommended they should. † (Singer, 1972) when do individuals adhere to a meaningful boundary at what ought to be done and what is acceptable however not required. Artist raises a point that, â€Å"In a general public which held that no man ought to have all that anyone could need while others have short of what they need. † (Utilitarian Philosophers, NDG) Many individuals are impacted by the individuals around them. In the event that individuals are giving not as much as individuals around them are probably going to give less, yet on the off chance that individuals give more than individuals around him are probably going to give more. The third counter contention is the contrast among obligation and good cause. The contention is that in some utilitarian hypothesis that everybody should work all day to build satisfaction over hopelessness. Implying that, if individuals work more, are paid more cash than individuals would not be as hopeless, numerous individuals state cash can't accepting bliss. Singer’s response to this counter-contention is that, â€Å"we should forestall as much enduring as possible without giving up something different of tantamount good significance. † (Utilitarian Philosophers, NDG) Artist characterizes minor utility as the level at which giving more would bring about enduring in his wards or himself. The importance of this is one would restrain their material belongings to not as much as nothing. He further clarifies that he proposed a progressively moderate rendition of minimal utility, â€Å"that we ought to forestall awful events except if, to do as such, we needed to forfeit something ethically noteworthy, for one may hold that to diminish oneself and ones family to this level is to make something altogether awful occur. (Artist, 1972) It identifies with his contentions since he demands that we have to constrain our material belongings to that of the Bengal evacuees. Vocalist thinks about the qualification among obligation and noble cause as not a simple line to draw. Anyway Singer gives a model as this, â€Å"The magnanimous man might be lauded, yet the man who isn't beneficent isn't censured. At the point when we purchase new garments not to keep oursel ves, warm however to look sharp looking we are not accommodating any significant need. We would not be yielding anything huge if we somehow managed to keep on wearing our old garments, and give the cash to starvation alleviation. Thusly, we would keep someone else from starving. † (Singer, 1972) as it were, rather than purchasing costly useless stuff for yourself giving the additional cash would profit more individuals and make it increasingly altruistic; be that as it may, you don't give the additional cash to noble cause you are not taken a gander at any in an unexpected way. I do concur with certain pieces of his article, in any case, I can't help contradicting its vast majority. Initially, I imagine that his article fall off with a significant disposition in my brain. He does anyway make some valid statements like the manner in which he discusses how a few people are affected by the individuals around them. Another valid statement that he made is it ought not make any difference how far the separation is shrivel they are in a similar region as you are a large number of miles away. I don't concur with how he implies that the more extravagant you are the more you should give. I accept that an individual should give as much as the person in question needs. I likewise accept that an individual giving foundation ought not be held at a higher platform then somebody that can't provide for a noble cause.

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Feel Free to Unsubscribe, Unfollow We started this site to add value to other peoples lives. When we embarked on our journey and began simplifying our lives a few years ago, we discovered myriad benefits, and we realized we weren’t the only people who would benefit from the simpler life. So we started sharing our story, and we discovered something amazing: when you add value to people’s lives, they are eager to share your message with their friends and family. When something resonates, we share it: people are intrinsically wired to share value with others; adding value is a basic human instinct. Thanks to the power of sharing, this site has grown to more than four million readers. And the site continues to grow today. Hundreds of thousands of people subscribe via email, and they follow our inspirational messages on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Were grateful for every person who reads our content, finds worth in our words, and shares our message. We appreciate you; we want you here. We dont, however, want anyone to feel obligated to support our site if they dont continue to find value here. We understand that our message will not resonate with everyone. So if you stop finding value in our words, feel free to unsubscribe or unfollow. You wont hurt our feelings. Scouts honor. Wed rather you spend your time and attention on something that adds value to your life. We want you to be happy, and so the last thing we want to do is add to the clutter. This rule shouldn’t apply to only our website, though: no one needs to be offended when someone ‘unfriends’ them on Facebook, or stops following them on Twitter. But unfortunately, many people feel hurt, disrespected, or disregarded when someone leaves their online social circle. Instead of feeling offendedâ€"instead of questioning the other person’s intentionsâ€"we must realize we can’t add value to everyone’s lives all the time: even though someone found value in us previously, that doesn’t mean they will find value now or in the future. People often grow in different directionsâ€"that’s the beauty of life. That said, if you do find merit in our words here at The Minimalists, then please continue to share our essays via email and social media (you can find a list of our most popular essays here). Help us spread the wordâ€"we appreciate the love. Thank you for being part of a movement that is bigger than any one person.

Bible Group Assessment At W Ave G Temple - 1658 Words

Bible Group Assessment For this assignment the group that I observed was the Churches Touching Lives of Christ Bible study located at W Ave G Temple, TX 76504.The bible study group was small, it consisted of six adult group members in total. Each individual person had their own uniqueness about themselves and their contribution to the group. The leader of the group was a slender Asian male in his late forty’s who was well spoken and maintained order in the group while still delivering a short sermon to the group. Whenever a person would speak out of turn he would let them speak and when they were done he would publicly correct them and tell the other adult group members that they should wait their turn to speak and if they have a†¦show more content†¦As soon as I heard the way that the Asian male spoke to the group I could tell that there was a previous bond with the client. The reason that I can to the conclusion that there has to be a previous connection is because the Asian male did not ask for them to do anything he told them. Even though the members were all adults they did not rebel or even give any rebuttal. They did just as he asked, so that shows me that they have respect for him. I do not think that he would have spoken as demanding as he did if he did not know them, if I was trying to develop members for any organization I would be passive and eager to please so the member would feel welcome and want to return to my groups. After everyone was seated the Asian male asked if anyone had a special scripture that they wanted to focus on. No one replied. The leader seemed to be a little disturbed. He became a little angry, he told them that he was disappointed because he assigned them homework, which was to find a scripture and bring it to the group. Luckily he came prepared and had his own bible verses he wanted to talk about since he didn’t have anybody volunteers. At this particular meeting the leader spoke about homosexual relati ons, he asked me did I want to participate but I told him I was only present for documentation purposes. Although I am a Christian my social work values are also very clear everyone is the same, there is no discrimination. While talking

Trends in Operations Management - 2755 Words

Final Current Trends and Issues in Operations Management Presented To Operations Management Respectfully Submitted By Introduction 3 A Brief History of Operations Management 4 Current Trends and Issues in Operations Management 6 Lean Operations (Just-in-time) 6 Shrinking Product Life Cycles 7 Employee Empowerment and Training 8 Globalization 9 Total Quality Management 9 Advances in Technology 10 Insourcing 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 Introduction Operations is the part of a business organization that is responsible for producing goods and services (Stevenson, 2012, p. 4). In this definition, goods are tangible items. Goods can be finished items that are sold to end consumers such as a chair, a†¦show more content†¦Men such as Henry Gantt, who contributed his now famous Gantt chart. The Gantt chart visually displayed the necessary task involved in a process and a time frame in which to achieve those task. Harrington Emerson applied Taylor’s ideals to organization structure and encouraged the use of experts to improve organization efficiency. Henry Ford used the concept of division of labor, which Adam Smith wrote about in The Wealth of Nations (1776) (Stevenson, 2012, p. 23) in the automotive industry. Ford also introduced the concepts of mass production, the moving the assembly line and interchangeable parts in his automotive assembly plants. Others such as F.W. Harris, H.F. Dodge, H.G. Romig, W. Shewhart and L.H.C Tippett all made contributions in the areas of quantitative techniques, statistical measurements, and decision modeling to increase manufacturing efficiency (Stevenson, 2012, p. 24). While these men focused on the technical aspects of scientific management, others studied the relationship between the organization and the worker. This was the early development of what we now know today as human relations. According to Stevenson (2012), â€Å"Whereas the scientific management movement heavily emphasized the technical aspects of work design, the human relations movement emphasized the importance of the human element in the job design† (p. 23). Lillian Gilbreth and Frank Gilbreth added to the study of worker efficiency through time and motion studies. Elton MayoShow MoreRelatedFactors affecting women entrepreneurs success1224 Words   |  5 Pages1-1 Introduction to Operations Management Operations Management William J. 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The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism Free Essays

The Screwtape letters was written by C. S. Lewis in 1942. We will write a custom essay sample on The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this book, C. S. Lewis used 31 letters from a senior devil, Screwtape, to his nephew to describe how to corrupt a person’s soul. The most important idea is that when lower the standard of self-regulation step by step with subjective relativism, the self-regulation will be too low without any awareness, which means the victim does not even know his spirit was corrupted and he always think what he did is right. The key point is that subjective relativism, view that an action is morally right if a person approves of it, would be dangerous. When comparing this theory with the management environment in workplace, the situations are surprisingly similar. If a manager controls a big company or organization with subjective relativism-â€Å"all depends on the situation with settings†-the standard of the company or organization would be lowed step by step and finally out of control. As a result, managers don’t like a relativism management environment; they always use universalism or even absolutism to manage the systems. Subjective relativism is considered dangerous for a management system, and other people’s money, anonymity, and subjective relativism is a deadly combination. However, subjective relativism is not the core reason that makes the management system fail. Sometimes, it can benefit the management system. A New Examination of boiling frogs: we know where we are The boiling frog is a wide known story which is also very similar with the story of Screwtape. When putting a frog in a pot with boiling water in it, the frog will jump out of the pot immediately. However, when it was put in a pot of cold water and the pot was slowly heated, the frog would be boiled alive and die in the pot. However, this story is proved not true recently. According to Fast Company (2006), J. Debra Hofman did a new examination of the boiling frogs. â€Å"We placed Frog A into a pot of cold water and applied moderate heat. At 4. 20 seconds, it safely exited the pot with a leap of 24 centimeters. We then placed Frog B into a pot of lukewarm water and applied moderate heat. At 1. 57 seconds, it safely exited the pot with a leap of 57 centimeters. † Hofman commented, â€Å"The change myth assumes a very narrow view of people. If frogs can do it, people definitely can. † Just like the story of boiling frogs, the system doesn’t really out of control with subjective relativism. Relativism holds that there are no absolute moral principles, but the rules that truly guide them in each situation are to be â€Å"determined by their relation to something else: the willing of customs or culture of the group, or the desires of the workmates. † Gibb, J. R. (1991). Subjectivism means that â€Å"the sole source of knowledge or authority is in the perception of the individual. (Lisa Newton, 1995) When combining subjectivism and relativism, each person is his/her own authority in the business life, and is the source of his/her own guide. On this reasoning, each person has the right to decide on all matters of what is right and wrong. Subjective relativism can only lead people to do as they want, and the rules which guide them is depends on the environment, which means the relationships with others ar ound them are the core reason why they change. For instance, in the story of Screwtape letters, the true way of corrupting a person’s soul is the so called â€Å"influence of others†, not subjective relativism. Self-awareness can’t be lowed, what is changing is relationship with others. According to subjective relativism, what’s right for the employees may not be necessarily right for the company. However, the feeling of right or wrong is directly linked to the feeling of right or wrong from the group he/she lived in. As a result, when a manager is able to affect the employees by delivering his/her idea and value to the workplace (a group where employees are in), subjective relativism can benefit the company. Universalism vs. Relativism: Small business is perfectly fitful for relativism system Another quite different judgment system is universalism. Universalism and relativism are always compared in a national view point. â€Å"Universalism holds that more â€Å"primitive† cultures will eventually evolve to have the same system of law and rights as Western cultures. Cultural relativists hold an opposite, but similarly rigid viewpoint, that a traditional culture is unchangeable. In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights, and driven by the pursuit of self-interest. In the cultural relativist model, a community is the basic social unit. Concepts such as individualism, freedom of choice, and equality are absent. It is recognized that the community always comes first. †(Clemens N. Nathan, 2009) however, when talking about business systems, these concepts are a little bit different. Universalism refers to a system with â€Å"common rules with similar settings†, which means the system has the exactly same rules for all the employees. Looking at the top 100 multinational corporations, they are all using universalism. Universalism is needed today more than ever, especially in multinational corporations. â€Å"(David C. Wyld, 2011) As the world is becoming a smaller place because of globalization and Internet, universalism makes more sense in dealing with multinational issues. It can help the company to develop not only the standard of work environment, but also the reputation of the corporations. However, when focus on the most rapidly d eveloping type of companies, small businesses, universalism seems too general and unfriendly to the employees. Even though subjective relativism has great problems and has a potential for abuse the employees, universalism in its current state is not the ideal solution† Wole Soyinka (2008). Subjective Relativism can help the employees to be more interested in the work and maximize the innovation of them. Besides, managers are able to control the company since it just have relatively small amount of employees that they won’t be abused. Subjective Relativism in New Economy The new economy is  commonly  believed to start from the late 1990s, as computer and Internet was developing worldwide. Companies in the new economy are heavily involved in the  internet and biotech industries, but the ripple effects of new technologies has spread out to  all other industries as well†(Investopedia,2012) The networked organizations need a different kind of control. Employees are highly empowered. They can get access to as many works and customers as they can. Besides, employees are highly educated today, sometime they have really good ideas about what companies should do to improve. In this way, managers should be more careful when controlling the management system, and common rules with similar settings are not enough. Subjective relativism is more powerful in encouraging employees. The system gives the employees to be able to choose what they think is right to do, and the rules are relatively different but fit for each employee. â€Å"There is no logical connection between what you have a right to do and the right thing to do; but there is a psychological temptation to move from one to the other. Let’s say that again: In logic, there is no connection between â€Å"You have the right to think what you like,† and â€Å"Anything you happen to like to think is right. You have the right, after all, to contradict yourself; you have all the right in the world to think that â€Å"2+2=5. † That doesn’t make it correct. But psychologically, once you have told me that no one has the right to correct me when I claim certain sorts of opinions; you certainly seem to have told me that any such opinions are right, or at least as right as opinions can be. † As Lisa Newton (1998) said, with subjective relativism, empowered employees are able to show their opinions and discuss those opinions together with out shame. Meanwhile, managers can communicate with his group much better and active. However, a big concern is that subjective relativism really has a potential for abuse the employees, so it would be a big challenge for managers to use this method. One suggestion is to combine the subjective relativism with universalism. That is, using the universalism in the company or corporation, but authorizes some division managers to use subjective relativism among the most excellent groups. In this way, companies can not only gain the benefit from universalism system, but also maximize the efficiency of the most excellent employees. References David C. Wyld(2011) Southeastern Louisiana University in Philosophy, March 17, 2011,Rethieved from: http://socyberty. com/philosophy/the-top-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-ethical-universalism-an-analysis-of-how-what-is-right-and-wrong-transcends-most-cultures-societies-and-religions/#ixzz2BNEPJbOP Fast Company (2006) Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant†. Fast Company Issue 01. October 1995. Retrieved from http://www. fastcompany. com/26455/next-time-what-say-we-boil-consultant Gibb, J. R. (1991) Trust: A New Vision of Human, Relationships for Business, Family and Personal Living. North Hollywood, CA: Newcastle Publishing Company. 991. Investopedia (2012) New Economy. Buzz Word-economy. Retrieved from: http://www. investopedia. com/terms/n/neweconomy. asp#ixzz2BMsc3J3c Lisa Newton (1998a) Subjective Relativism as a Challenge to Ethics. Doing Good and Avoiding Evil Part I. Principles and Reasoning Lisa Newton (1998b) Moral Commitments and the Discipline of Ethics. Doing Good and A voiding Evil Part I. Principles and Reasoning Neumann Nathan (2009) the Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights by Clemens Wole Soyinka(2008) â€Å"The AVOIDABLE TRAP of CULTURAL RELATIVISM†, on the occasion of the second edition of the Geneva How to cite The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism, Papers

Perspective of FBI Vs Apple Case in Virtue Ethics Theory

Question: Write a research essay describing an ethical theory (deontology, virtue or Utilitarianism) or ethical issue we have discussed in this course.Also apply the FREE MARKET ETHIC to it and to critically review it using an ETHIC OF CARE. Describe the theory and its foundations in moral and ethical philosophy. Analyze its application in the 21st century business world and global marketplace, using examples from your research. Evaluate the theory and give your opinion as to whether it is a valid method of ethical decision-making in the workplace, identifying specific ethical dilemmas you see. Explain how the theory will shape the managerial role and responsibilities in an organization and its potential effect on ethical culture. Your goal is to make an argument and support it with a clear, original, and thorough analysis of the themes, arguments, and information presented in course readings and lectures. Your work will be evaluated by the specificity with which it answers the prompt, the cl arity of its thesis, the cohesiveness of its argument, and the extent to which it demonstrates a clear understanding of the central content, critical ideas, and key themes of the course. Answer: The Virtue Ethics Theory The virtue ethics theory tends to focus on the individual carrying out a particular action to try, and establish whether the person is acting morally/ethically or not. While the consequences of the individuals action and the rules governing the actions might be important to consider, the virtue ethics theory tends to de-emphasize them. More particularly, the primary factor remains whether the particular individual involved in the action has expressed a good character or not (Crisp, 2010). Good character in this case is shaped by the moral virtues that are defined by the virtue theorists. There are different descriptions of moral virtues according to the virtue ethics theory. First, moral virtues include admirable behaviors that bring about social harmony. Secondly, the moral virtues consist of dispositions within individuals that enable them to act according to reason. Therefore, the use of logic is critical in terms of determining the inclination of ones moral position ((Crisp, 2010). One can only be considered morally virtuous if they engage proper reasoning where in their actions, there can be proof of moderation rather than extremism. Thirdly, the virtue ethics theory emphasizes that moral virtues enable individuals to have the correct intention and to feel appropriate while carrying out various activities. Foundations of the Virtue Ethics Theory in Moral Ethical Philosophy The virtue theory is well founded in the moral and ethical philosophy advanced by Aristotle and Plato. The virtue theory is deeply founded on the views of Plato and Aristotle regarding morality and good character. Despite the fact that each of the two philosophers provided his own list of moral values, all of them sum up to the contemporary explanation of the virtue ethics theory. Thus, the aspect of virtue emerged from the two Greek philosophers, came up with a collection of several normative ethical philosophies which put an emphasis on being, and not on the actions. In founding the theory, Aristotle believed that the moral values/virtues safeguards human relations including friendship and without them, an individual cannot realize happiness (Kupperman, 2009). On the other hand, Plato believed that being virtuous is a course that one must pursue to attain it. In Platos Republic, the four cardinal virtues brought out include wisdom, temperance, fortitude, and justice. Therefore, for one to be considered virtuous, they must act in line with these cardinal virtues, which of course include other related moral values. Socrates who also contributed to the discussion on virtues stipulated that there exist only one virtue-knowledge. Therefore, one needs to have to a particular knowledge that can enable them know how to act in particular situations in an ethical way. Aristotle on the other hand divided virtues into moral virtues and intellectual virtues. These moral virtues are all means of given corresponding vices while the intellectual virtues consist of an individuals mental skills that enable them reach for truth and thus agreeing or disagreeing with something. Thus, the virtue ethics theory embraced today in different fields can be said to have originated from the works of early Greek philosophers and later shaped by the emergence of critics , situations and the wider need for its applications. Free Market Ethic the Virtue Ethics Theory in the FBI vs. Apple Case Free market involves the buying, the production, sale, and exchange of goods and services by an individual or entity without being interfered with by either a government or private institution. When every individual in the market possesses this particular freedom, then the market can be said to be free. Thus, each transaction in a free market is voluntary and based on buyer-seller agreement. People purchase goods and pay for them willingly at particular rates without being coerced and this consists of the free market ethic. The aspects of free market can be explained in relation to the virtue ethics theory. The virtue ethics theory emphasizes the need for people to embrace moral virtues including for instance justice, trust, and fortitude among others. While critics of the free market indicate that an individual may sell unscrupulous products in order to gain mammoth profits, it is clear that as long as the buyers have accepted these products and the terms involved then there is moral equality. Supporters of the free market aspects argue that moral equality does not mainly consist of the equal right to the produced good within the economy (Friedman, 2008). Moral equality instead involves the equal right for individuals to be free from being coerced by others. Any interference in the free market is unnecessary and even wasteful to all the parties playing within the economy. Governments are not welcome to interfere with the free market but instead may just need to provide a better platform for businesses to thrive. Interfering with issues regarding agreements between sellers and buyers can be one way of breaching moral equality. Business contract that have been entered into by a seller and a buyer need to remain safeguarded and terms adhered with in the spirit of practicing moral equality. The FBI vs. Apple case regarding a tussle where the earlier party wanted to obtain a terrorists iPhone information access after the Malibu attack that saw 14 people killed can be explained in the perspective of free market ethics theory. As indicated earlier, the free market ethic supports the view that there should be completely no interference in the market for all players. The government as an entity in this case, does not have the mandate to coerce the Apple Company through whatever legal means to provide software that will see the terrorists phone unlocked (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). The free market ethic emphasizes the agreement between the buyer-the terrorists, and the seller of the IPhone. In free market economies, as long as there is a willing buyer of goods and services and/or a willing seller of the same, then a contract is sealed and must be honored. The Apple Company has a duty in its operation to safeguard the privacy of its customers, being a willing seller (Fried man, 2008). Since the buyers of the Apple IPhones usually chose it because of ensured information privacy, the company is compelled to ensure that their information is protected. Tim Cook the CEO of the Apple Company in fact indicated that the security features of the Apple iphone is one of the aspects that make their phones and other gadgets to sell in the current competitive technological markets. He further indicated that providing software that would unlock the IPhone risked the privacy of many other owners of similar gadgets. This is because the FBI can then use the software to gain access to private information on other Apple customers phones. Therefore in line with the free market ethic, the decision by the Apple company to refuse to develop the unlock software to the FBI was agreeable (Friedman, 2008). If we go by the free market ethic, then the government should completely not try to interfere with the contract entered into by the terrorist-iphone purchaser. The government later dropped its request to have Apple company device the unlock software to the IPhone indicating that the FBI had found a third party that assisted to unlock the phone. The Israeli Cellebrite Tech Company has been linked with this assistance, a move that has made the Apple company discouraged (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). While Apple was out to protect their contract terms with the iphone purchaser as a willing buyer, it was against the free market ethic for the Cellebrite Company to interfere with this deal. The Israeli company that assisted in the unlocking of the phone becomes a third party and mainly interference in the free market assumptions. The above conclusion on the FBI vs. Apple case when viewed under the free market ethic can be analyzed in line with the virtue ethics theory. According to Plato, a republic needed to consist of four cardinal virtues, which include wisdom, temperance, fortitude, and justice. A virtuous individuals or entity must act in line with these cardinal virtues among other moral values (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). Aristotle on the other hand stipulated that intellectual virtues are an individuals mental skills that enable them reach for truth and thus agreeing or disagreeing with something. In the case of the FBI vs. Apple, it is clear that the major ethical issue include a conflict between security and privacy. Security and privacy are both moral values, which must prevail within a given democratic society (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). Considering natural justice as envisaged in the virtue ethics theory, it is clear that killing people is a vice. Killers are considered extremists in the society and they act beyond the mean behavior expected. Aristotle who supported the virtue ethics theory believed that a persons actions needed to be moderated. Terrorism needs to be eliminated in order for the society to live harmoniously. In this case, the free market ethic tends to protect terrorists who led to the death of 14 people in Malibu and might probably be planning other attacks. It becomes a dilemma when one needs to choose to protect their safety at the expense of their privacy and vice versa. In most cases that involve the need to choose between the two, many people and entities have preferred to sacrifice their privacy to security (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). This shows the use of intellectual morals that enable people to choose between wrong and right. According to Socrates, knowledge is the main virtue as it helps people and entities to know between wrong and right, which is a similar case here. The virtue ethics would agree with the government to access the terrorists information in order to understand first whether the owner was involved. Once this was known, there was there could be a just decision on whether to pursue the IPhone owner for charges or not. Even so, a free market theorist would argue that government interference is never welcome in such a case. This case presents a tussle between those who believe in the free market ethic and those that believe in virtue ethics (Friedman, 2008). The Apple Company takes the free market ethic as a tool to defend itself while the government through the FBI and the courts tends to consider the virtue ethics their ultimate tool. Virtue theory the Ethic of Care in FBI vs. Apple Case The ethic of care theory as advanced by Carol Gilligan can be used to explain the case between the FBI vs. Apple Company. The ethic of care theory stresses that everyone needs to have a voice to be listened to not only carefully but also with respect (McPherson 2012). It also emphasizes the natural human relationships and interdependence indicating that individuals need each other whatsoever. The theory calls upon individuals to be responsive in their relationships with each other by paying attention, responding and carefully listening to others. It also indicates that people should be aware of the probability of losing connection with others or even with oneself in case there is no proper/ethical care (Engster, 2013). While the virtue ethics theory focuses on moral virtues, the care ethics emphasizes that morality originates from human relationships and bring about issues related to injustice and carelessness. There are differences between the two theories. The virtue ethics embraces the need for justice for all unlike the ethics of care that tends to consider a need-centered approach. In the case of the FBI vs. Apple, the company considers its relationship with its customers to be crucial and one that needs safeguarding. While it does not support terrorism, the Apple Company would not only like to protect its clients information on the IPhone acquired by the FBI, but also wants to do so, for millions of its loyal customers. The company feels compassionate and caring to its customers but this view contravenes the virtue ethics. The security of the masses should be considered more imperative than the privacy of an individual and/or a group. Considering this, the ethic of care should not have been considered in this case but instead, the Apple Company should have looked for software that only unlocks the terrorists IPhone. This encryption unlock software should be made in a way that it still could not be used by the FBI to reach for any other phone purchased by innocent civilians. This could be a just move, as it will end up tracking down terrorist activity while at the same time maintaining the safety and privacy of the IPhone buyers. Thus, there was no need for the Apple company to seem to be compassionate and to show a feeling of care for individuals who led to the death of 14 people in Malibu. Applications of the Virtue Theory in the 21st Century Business World The moral virtues outlined under the virtue ethics theory are today applied in the business world. For these virtues to be applied successfully to any business, the particular business and activities carried out must be considered as a practice (Wittmer OBrien, 2014). First, the virtue ethics theory today is also used in developing professional codes of ethics for different institutions. Every profession in the business world must have a code of ethics to follow. As a result, legal institutions including courts are entitled to use the codes of ethics where they are faced with cases involving unethical practices (Wittmer OBrien, 2014). Both local and international laws on professional ethics are developed and agreed upon by all related entities. In fact, Constitutional Acts can define the code of ethics for a given profession and thus making it legally binding for not only businesses but also for the employees working within the relevant establishments. Further, virtue ethics theory is used in labour relations and movements being entities that are normally affected by any interference with employee rights. These rights in one way can be considered as safeguards to moral rights as long as they provide justice to both the employees and the employers. While virtue ethics theory calls upon the employees to act morally, the employers are also put to task to ensure that they do not bring unnecessary barriers in the event that employees are seeking for justice (Moore, 2012). In terms of offering goods into the market, virtue ethics have been relied upon in deciding that there is need to offer quality goods and services. Fraudulent deals in the market where sellers defraud buyers and vice versa are discouraged under moral standings. Today, the business and contract laws that govern mutual agreements among different parties embrace the aspect virtue ethics in expecting utmost good faith among these parties. Industries that are allowed to exi st within a given surrounding are required to ethically oblige to conserving the environment and providing some crucial services to the communities within (Moore, 2012). Therefore, the virtue of ethics theory is a crucial element in the 21st Century business world, used in solving several ethical dilemmas that emerge within the business environment repeatedly. Evaluation and Validation The virtue ethics theory is a valid approach in ethical decision-making in any given workplace. This is because it provides the values that need to be embraced within a workplace and defines the professional behavior that people should assume. In the workplace, moral virtues do not only bring about harmony among the workers but also a peaceful relationship between them and their employers (Blumenthal-Barby, 2015). Shareholders, customers, suppliers and even the government rely heavily on the set of business ethics within and beyond a business premises. This is because once these moral virtues are practiced by every party, there is a high likelihood that there will be less harm in transactions and instead business deals will be legitimate (McPherson, 2012). The virtue ethics theory is thus a valid theory as it moral equality prevents corruption and ensures that everything is carried out under the law of natural justice (Blumenthal-Barby, 2015. Its emphasis on prudence, fortitude, and justice among other intellectual moral virtues make this theory a valid alternative to deontology and utilitarianism. Ways in which Virtue Ethics Shape Managerial Roles Responsibilities Virtue ethics shape ones managerial roles and responsibilities in different ways. First, virtue ethics envisaged in a company/industrial code of ethics oblige managers to carry out their duties in ethical manners. Having been considered trustees within the institution, the managers may need to avoid corruption in their offices, treat their workers fairly and professionally, and conduct themselves morally (West, 2016). Therefore, virtue ethics provides a path to follow for a manager who wants to be successful in their work. Secondly, compliance to company and industrial regulations is an ethical requirement. Managers who for instance evade paying taxes can be termed as unethical. Therefore, managers are responsible for ensuring that their companies comply to both internal and external regulations that safeguard well being of for instance, the environment, the worker and the citizens of a given state at large(Bertland, 2008). Tax evasion, illegal release of untreated wastes to a water source for example, is termed unethical practices. Therefore, the virtue ethics compel a manager to ensure that their firms do not practice such behaviors. Further, it is up to the managers to be accountable for every activity carried out by their firm. They are thus responsible for any mistakes that might occur because of their businesses. Similarly, they are responsible for any positive result posted by the firm in terms of ethics (Fairchild, 2010). The virtue ethics does not only shape individual behavior but also shapes decision-making. Contingency plans that are put up by managers must also still consider the ethical code of conduct. Therefore, there is no doubt that the virtue ethics immensely influences any managers way of handling duties and responsibilities. The Effect of the Virtue Ethics Theory on Ethical Culture Ethical culture aims at encouraging individuals and groups to respect nature and others as humans in order to develop a better world. Virtue ethics advocate for admirable behaviors that bring about social harmony (Erll et al, 2008). These moral virtues make people act according to reason. In line with the virtue ethics theory, morally virtuous individuals engage proper reasoning and their actions are moderated rather than done with extremism (Ciurria, 2011). This should have been the case for the Apple management, knowing well that terrorism is a threat harmonious co-existence. The virtue ethics theory also emphasizes that moral virtues enable individuals to have the correct intention and to feel appropriate while carrying out various activities. Good intentions towards others cultivate respect for humanity and advocates for peace, unity, and collaboration. In conclusion, therefore the virtue ethics theory can be said to advocate for moral virtues, which involve behaviors that are moderated and thus are oriented towards the mean but not extremes. The above discussion brings out the different applications of this theory in the contemporary business world including in the FBI vs. Apple case. It can thus be concluded that the virtue ethics theory remains one of the normative philosophies to be advanced by psychologists and philosophers. References Bertland, A. (2008). Virtue Ethics in Business and the Capabilities Approach. J Bus Ethics, 84(S1), 25-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9686-3 Blumenthal-Barby, J. (2015). Dilemmas for the Rarity Thesis in Virtue Ethics and Virtue Epistemology. Philosophia. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-015-9670-y Ciurria, M. (2011). A New Mixed View of Virtue Ethics, Based on Daniel Doviaks New Virtue Calculus. Ethic Theory Moral Prac, 15(2), 259-269. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-011-9285-8 Crisp, R. (2010). Virtue Ethics and Virtue Epistemology. Metaphilosophy, 41(1-2), 22-40. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2009.01621.x Cuijpers, C. van Schendel, S. (2016). Data Protection by Design als argument in het FBI vs. Apple-debat. Justitile Verkenningen, 42(3), 37-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.5553/jv/016758502016042003004 Engster, D. (2013). The social determinants of health, care ethics and just health care. Contemp Polit Theory, 13(2), 149-167. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cpt.2013.14 Erll, A., Grabes, H., Nunning, A. (2008). Ethics in culture. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Fairchild, R. (2010). Practical ethical theory for nurses responding to complexity in care. Nursing Ethics, 17(3), 353-362. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733010361442 Fernando, M. Moore, G. (2014). MacIntyrean Virtue Ethics in Business: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. J Bus Ethics, 132(1), 185-202. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2313-6 Friedman, M. (2008). Care Ethics and Moral Theory: Review Essay of Virginia Held, The Ethics of Care. Philosophy And Phenomenological Research, 77(2), 539-555. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2008.00205.x Hodson, H. (2016). Apple vs FBI: First salvo in the information war. New Scientist, 229(3062), 24-25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(16)60028-3 Kupperman, J. (2009). Virtue in Virtue Ethics. J Ethics, 13(2-3), 243-255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10892-009-9051-5 McPherson, D. (2012). Vocational Virtue Ethics: Prospects for a Virtue Ethic Approach to Business. J Bus Ethics, 116(2), 283-296. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1463-7 Moore, G. (2012). The Virtue of Governance, the Governance of Virtue. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22(2), 293-318. https://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201222221 West, A. (2016). After Virtue and Accounting Ethics. J Bus Ethics. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3018-9 Wittmer, D. OBrien, K. (2014). The Virtue of Virtue Ethics in Business and Business Education. Journal Of Business Ethics Education, 11, 261-278. https://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jbee20141113

The Shawshank Redemption Essays - English-language Films, Films

The Shawshank Redemption "The Shawshank Redemption" is a unique movie which involves many different personalities and underlying themes. The personalities of the inmates are very interesting and when combined they create a fascinating plot, which gives a different perspective of prison life. The main characters are Andy Dufrense (Tim Robbins) and Eliss "Red" Redding (Morgan Freeman). Additional characters such as the wise and simple old man, Brooks (James Whitmore), and the evil warden help to enrich the movie, giving it unequaled depth into the psychological aspects of prison life. The personalities of the Shawshank prison combine to form a community of sorts. This movie shows prisons not only as a place where murderers and thieves live, but also as a commune of people who have had problems and who are attempting to rehabilitate themselves. The story revolves around Andy who is convicted of murdering his wife and her lover in 1946, and who is then sentenced to life in prison. He is sent to the Shawshank prison, the state prison in Maine, which is known for its harshness. One does not know if it is Andy who committed the murder of his wife and her lover. What is learned though, is that he is not ready for prison and honestly doesn't seem like a man who would survive. His thinking going into prison is just to survive and blend in. He's a wise man who competently deals with what the justice system has served him. He is normal on the outside but emotionally tormented on the inside. Andy is a very complex character who displays introverted tendencies, keeping his feelings to himself and never allowing anyone beyond his stoic exterior except for Red. Andy's friendship with Red begins in a most peculiar manner. Andy asks for a rock hammer, which Red dutifully gets for him. Red, knowing that Andy is vulnerable, gets him on tar duty and takes him under his wing. The friendship is very unique and they both are energetic with emotion. Bill Dupre of the News and Observer writes of their emotion together, "This is a graceful, quiet characterization, and Robbins' scenes with Freeman are wrought with depth, delicacy, and precision." This is where the opportunistic side of Andy begins to be evident. After overhearing the guards talking, he almost risks his life to tell the guard that he will help him keep the $30,000 that he inherited. This shows that Andy had guts and that he wanted to survive. In return for his favor of helping the guard, he gets his fellow workers ice cold beers on the last day. It is ironic because he has quit drinking himself. Andy then begins to work in the library because the warden hears of his talents in finance. This is where Andy first meets Brooks. He use this opportunity to ask the state for more money to build a larger library. And finally, the way Andy escapes is almost genius. Knowing that he is on the good side of the warden, he devises a very interesting and successful plan of escape. Overall, Andy blends in with the prison community through the good times and the bad (the sisters, a group of homosexual rapists). His personality is one of a person who makes the most of what he has. But he never loses hope that he will be free one day. Red is a very unique character in his own right. The prison's sole black inmate, he is the man who smuggles contraband into the prison. He is also a "lifer" and he says that he is the only man in the prison who is guilty. He has accepted his fate and is dealing with the prison as his life but still tries to make his life on the inside the best he can. Red really doesn't think much about being paroled (he is rejected several times during the movie). He just takes one day at a time. He is determined not to let the jail system get to him. His friendship with Andy becomes stronger throughout the movie from when they first meet until Red joins Andy in Mexico. Red is a man who knows the rights and wrongs of the

How to be a Bodybuilder

How to be a Bodybuilder The process of body building does not involve lifting heavy weights only. It also involves building the mass of the muscle by doing the right exercises. Muscle building requires bodybuilders to take in special types of food that assist in the process. In addition, it is important to receive good training on weight as well as having enough rest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to be a Bodybuilder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process starts when body muscles are exposed to intense stress as it happens when they are forced to lift substances that are heavier than usual. Exposing muscles to more work than they normally do leads to small ruptures and tears. These ruptures often bring about sores but they are cured after taking enough rest. After the healing process, the muscles become larger and able to withstand the stressful activity that caused the tears. Muscle building process is maximized by increasing t he stress exerted on the muscles. This is achieved by forcing the muscles to lift heavier weight than they are used to, exerting the stress on muscles more regularly, and varying the exercise types performed on particular muscles. These processes result in new tears which consequently increase the size of the muscles and make them stronger. The first important consideration to be made in the process of muscle building is paying attention to the type of food eaten by bodybuilders. Remarkable muscle growth requires them to use specific foods and develop nutritional plans. Bodybuilders should take in food rich in complex carbohydrates and proteins. These types of food are burned during exercises and assist in building the mass of the muscles. The nutrition plan should be followed without alterations since altering it disrupts the whole process. Carbohydrates and proteins provide the body with recommended quantities of building materials required for muscle growth. The intervals at whic h the foods are taken are also an important issue to consider. It is advisable that bodybuilders take in small quantities of meals five or six times every day. This ensures that the foods taken in are well metabolized. Taking in food stuffs frequently is essential for them because when they stay for about four hours without food, the muscles are lost and fat is accumulated. The feeling of starvation causes the body to eat away the lean muscles and accumulate fat. It is therefore crucial for a bodybuilder to eat after every three hours in order to enhance the muscle building process. The second important aspect in the process of building muscles is working out well. Muscle building process requires exercises such as chest presses, lateral pull downs, leg lifts and bench presses among others. For every muscle in the body to feel the impact of these exercises, different types of exercises are performed.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cardio training is important for assisting in endurance of the muscles and burning excess fat. The growth of the muscles should be forced by engaging heavier weights and repeating the exercises several times. It is advisable to repeat all exercises at least four times especially when performing the final exercises. The strength of muscles and their mass is increased by increasing the overload while the overload is increased by increasing the resistance. On the other hand, resistance can be increased through additional weight or increased number of repetitions on the exercises done. Carrying out few repetitions enables a bodybuilder to raise the overload of specific muscles. This assists in stimulating muscle fibers that are responsible for supporting the extra stress exerted on muscles. To determine the right weight to lift when building muscles, bodybuilders should focus on the number of repetitions done in the final sets. If the repetitions are more than six, the weight is usually too light while less than four repetitions indicate extremely heavy weight. The third important aspect in building muscle is staying motivated in the process. The process involves a lot of activities some of which are strenuous hence it requires strong will and commitment. The desired results can only be achieved through following stringent workout schedules and feeding on particular diets. It is not practical for bodybuilders to start the initial stages of muscle building by doing many repetitions and lifting heavy weights. The process usually begins with small number of repetitions and light weights after which the number of repetitions and the weight are increased. Building muscle to a desired level should be a lifelong process until bodybuilders reach the anticipated goals. It is important to check the stages since overworking may cause serious injuries. The fourth critical aspect in building muscle is rest. Rese archers have established that muscle building takes place when exercising and also when resting. Bodybuilders are advised to take a rest of at least eight hours every night. Synthesis of proteins takes place when muscles are resting as well as repair of the muscles that were involved in the day’s workout. This ensures that the muscles continue growing and recovering. Bodybuilders should also ensure that their general health is maintained. This should be done by consulting a doctor and getting proper recommendations on how the process should be conducted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to be a Bodybuilder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Political Authority and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Authority and Morality - Essay Example The leaders are accountable for their actions and behaviors, and usually do the right thing because otherwise they would have to present their case in front of the publics. Political authority seems justified when there are norms and procedures that take care of the political manifestations and when people are given what they deserve the most – democracy. In essence, it is always a good practice to make use of the political authority to understand the nuances of the Western liberal democracy. This has been demonstrated through the works of Plato, Locke and Mill. The political authority is therefore a very common concept within the political discourse as it encompasses of people from different strata of life. The political authority is a very dire requirement within the political obligations which have been questioned by the works of Plato and Aristotle, and which remain significant even in the time and age of today. It is also a fact that within democratic set ups in a number of countries around the world, there is a good amount of discussion regarding political authority in particular as its role cannot be denied its due right. Within United States, political authority has been given much emphasis because it gives freedom to the people from the domains of the government. Indeed morality is a social contract for our mutual benefit. The ethical domains need to be in line with the way people conduct their lives. This means that people should adhere to the moral righteousness and thus give in their very best with regards to the manifestation of their actions and behaviors. Morality asks of people to be fair and forthright about their dealings and be clean related with their thinking mechanisms. They must put the good of the whole society in retrospect more than their own good (Thiroux 2003). What this eventually does is to demonstrate a sense of goodwill within the society and thus the people generally look up to one another in times of help and distress. M orality is indeed a state of mind, which gets represented in a whole lot of ways. In essence, human beings are generally good natured souls, who care about one another in a very open and direct way. Yet there are some individuals who think of their own gains more than anything else. This mars the ultimate basis of stability and growth within the society and essentially hurts the cause of the society in the larger scheme of things. Thus the human beings are a combination of both good and the bad within any society. One must understand that living morally is indeed something that comes out as a very natural and clean process. It is not at all hard and strenuous by any stretch of imagination. The need is to have a proper mechanism under which morality could be represented in a variety of ways, by the people, for the people and to the people (Morgan 1983). One should take up the Kantian theory of ethics which speaks exclusively of the moral domains within any society of the world. Since Kantian theory focuses on the manifestation of ethical norms and procedures more than mere feelings and emotions of mortals, one would absolutely buy this theory on any given day. In essence personal belief systems revolve around the rationale presented by Immanuel Kant in his theory. One should believe that he has hit the nail on the head whilst referring to the details related with the moral representation of people’s dealings in day to day lives. Morality is important to the day to day situations since people view things very differently on a normal basis. If individuals start acting in a very ethical fashion, it would not be much distant when one views the entire society as a combination of good men and women within its folds. Indeed a moral system needs to be structured and very clear in its content so that people

Term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Term Paper Example poor moral ethics and this is further evidence in the fact that they had initially denied knowledge of the action which clearly means they were ashamed them. This paper will endeavor to analyses and critique the Shi Tao vs. Yahoo case study by applying several moral frameworks through which the ethicalness of Yahoos actions will be critiqued. These frameworks are; the Utilitarian, the publicity and Principle of Human Dignity and Infinite Worth with the intention of proving that yahoo acted in an unethical way and betrayed its users by compromising Tao’s safety for the sake of sustaining their business interest in China. Shi Tao, a journalist with China’s Business time news had posted information on how the government had intended to curtail the celebration of the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Protest by ordering journalists and media houses not to address the matter. He posted the information on an online forum based in New York, consequently the Chines State bureau sought Yahoos help in apprehending him and the latter provided information that led to the location of his IP address and then to his office computer, after which he was arrested and convicted. After the conviction, reporters without boarders exposed yahoos role in the matter and although the firm initially denied any knowledge as to why they were asked from the information they later admitted. In justification, yahoo claimed that they were obliged to conform to the laws of the country which required they share information with the state. The firm nonetheless came under fire from various critiques who challenged the legitim acy and morality for their actions accusing them of acting as police informers on Dissidents. Lui Xiabo, one China’s prominent Chinese dissidents accused Yahoo of failing to respect the rights of Shi in because they let their business interests dull their moral sensibility (Dickie). Other critics said that if the firm acknowledges their actions were not ethical, they

The Measurement And Instrumentation Engineering Essay

The Measurement And Instrumentation Engineering Essay A pyrometer is used to measure the temperature of an object from a distance, without making contact. The method used for making these non-contacting temperature measurements is known as radiation pyrometry. Non-contact temperature sensors use the concept of infrared radiant energy to measure the temperature of objects from a distance. After determining the wavelength of the energy being emitted by an object, the sensor can use integrated equations that take into account the bodys material and surface qualities to determine its temperature Pyrometer is derived from the Greek root pyro, meaning fire. The term pyrometer was originally used to denote a device capable of measuring temperatures of objects above incandescence, objects bright to the human eye. The original pyrometers were non-contacting optical devices which intercepted and evaluated the visible radiation emitted by glowing objects. A modern and more correct definition would be any non-contacting device intercepting and meas uring thermal radiation emitted from an object to determine surface temperature. Thermometer, also from a Greek root thermos, signifying hot, is used to describe a wide assortment of devices used to measure temperature. Thus a pyrometer is a type of thermometer. The designation radiation thermometer has evolved over the past decade as an alternative to pyrometer. Therefore the terms pyrometer and radiation thermometer are used interchangeably by many references. A radiation thermometer, in very simple terms, consists of an optical system and detector. The optical system focuses the energy emitted by an object onto the detector, which is sensitive to the radiation. The output of the detector is proportional to the amount of energy radiated by the target object (less the amount absorbed by the optical system), and the response of the detector to the specific radiation wavelengths. This output can be used to infer the objects temperature. The emittivity, or emittance, of the object is an important variable in converting the detector output into an accurate temperature signal. Pyro-Electric Pyroelectric detectors for thermal radiations are a relatively new form of pyrmometers. The construction material is usually ceramics are materials whose molecules have a permanent electric dipole because of the position of the electrons in molecules. Normally these molecules lie in a random mish-mash manner all across the bulk of the material hence there is no net electrification as a whole. Also, at ambient temperatures the location or orientation of these molecules is more or less fixed. If the temperature is raised above some level characteristic to the particular material, the molecules start to rotate freely. The temperature at which this start to happen is called the Curie temperature. When the pyroelectric surface is used as detector in a pyrometer, when the radiations from the source are absorbed by the pyroelectric material, its surface temperature increases .In the beginning the charge on the electrodes would be leaked away through the external electrical circuit and hence the measured voltage between the electrodes would be zero. When the pyroelectric surface heats up a voltage is detected between the two electrodes. As the temperature is further increased, further voltage is increased. Through this voltage value we can measure the temperature. The physical construction of a pyroelectric pyrometer is similar to the total radiation thermometer. C:UsersKKupusamyDesktopimages.jpg Pyroelectric linear arrays Photo electric A photoelectric pyrometer has been developed with which the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) above the gold point, 1063  °C, is realized about 5 times more accurately than with the prevalently used disappearing filament visual pyrometer. Estimated standard deviation uncertainties of realizing the IPTS with the photoelectric instrument.An instrument that measures high temperatures by using a photoelectric arrangement to measure the radiant energy given off by the heated object. http://img.tfd.com/ggse/43/gsed_0001_0019_0_img5330.png Optical system of an automatic photoelectric pyrometer: Optical An optical pyrometer is a device which allows contactless temperature measuring by using the incandescense color. It is based upon the fact that all black bodies do have the same incandescense color at a given temperature. It is very straightforward and allows any temperature from which a hot object emits light ( > 500 deg C). It is made from a small magnifying optical device (like a monocular or very small telescope) in which a small incandescent bulb is placed which image is sharp when the user views through the eyepiece (the lens(es) on the eye end of the optical device). The background is the hot object to be gauged. The electrical current flowing through the filaments in the bulb is an indication of their temperature. This current is controlled by a potentiometer which is put between the power source (a battery) and the bulb. An ammeter is used to display the temperature. Its range is from 500 C (== 900F lower limit when an object incandesces) to 1600 C (3000 F), which is suitab le for most applications. http://www.pyrometer.com/NewFiles/Figure2.gif Typical temperature ranges for optical pyrometers Question 3 Electrocardiography (ECG) ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that beats in rhythm to pump the blood through the body. The signals that make the hearts muscle fibers contract come from the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In an ECG test, the electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are recorded and usually shown on a piece of paper. This is known as an electrocardiogram, and records any problems with the hearts rhythm, and the conduction of the heart beat through the heart which may be affected by underlying heart disease. https://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb440/FinalProjects/f2003/nwl2/Final%20Webpage/High-Level.JPG Block diagram of ECG What (Electrically) is being measured The measuring can be different with being different type conditions. Usually the some ECG will be recorded when the patient remain resting. But in some case as, some patients who having coronary heart disease symptoms, ECG will be taken while the doing exercise bike or treadmill. The electric waves in the heart are recorded in mill volts by the ECG. The waves are recorded by electrodes positioned on certain parts of the body. Each electrode controls an ink needle that writes on a grid paper. The higher the intensity of the electric wave, the higher up the needle will move on the paper. The paper moves at a certain speed beneath the needle, resulting in an ink curve. How is electric signal capture? How does it work? Amplifier The amplifier receives the electrical signals from the electrodes and converts the information. Because the bodys electrical signals are relatively weak, the amplifier must first stabilize the signal and then amplify by a factor of between five and 10. The amplifier is composed of several sections, including a buffer amplifier and preamplifier both of which work to convert the information received from the electrodes into information that is strong enough to be read by the output device. The amplifier is designed to receive information directly from the patient; however, it is also separate from the primary power circuits of the ECG machine.   What is the sensor? Measurement of the ECG signal gets challenging due to the presence of the large DC offset and various interference signals. This potential can be up to 300mV for a typical electrode. The interference signals include the 50-/60-Hz interference from the power supplies, motion artifacts due to patient movement, radio frequency interference from electro-surgery equipments, defibrillation pulses, pace maker pulses, other monitoring equipment, etc. Depending on the end equipment, different accuracies will be needed in an ECG: Standard monitoring needs frequencies between 0.05-30 Hz Diagnostic monitoring needs frequencies from 0.05-1000 Hz Some of the 50Hz/60Hz common mode interference can be cancelled with a high-input-impedance instrumentation amplifier (INA), which removes the AC line noise common to both inputs. To further reject line power noise, the signal is inverted and driven back into the patient through the right leg by an amplifier. Only a few micro amps or less are required to achieve significant CMR improvement and stay within the UL544 limit. In addition, 50/60Hz digital notch filters are used to reduce this interference further. http://produceconsumerobot.com/heartfeltapparel/content/7128.ecg.bmp Complete circuit of Block diagram Question 4 Vout = R3 (V2-V1) When Vout = 0, R1 0 = R3 (V2 1) R1 V2 = 1 When Vout = 10, Vout = R3 (V2 V1) R1 10 =R3(5 1) R1 10 = 4R3 R1 10R1=4R3 Let R1= 10Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 10 ÃÆ'- 10K= 4R3 R3 = 25Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R3 = R4 = 25Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1 = 10 C:UsersRashydsAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordNew Picture (2).bmp Question 5 Voltage to frequency The family of voltage-to-frequency converters ideally suitable for in simple low-cost-circuits for analog-to-digital conversion, precision frequency-to-voltage conversion, long-term integration, linear frequency modulation or demodulation, and many more. The output when used a voltage-to frequency converter is a pulse train at a frequency precisely proportional to the applied input voltage. Consequently, it provides all the inherent advantages of the voltage-to-frequency converter techniques, and easy to apply in all standard voltage-to-frequency converter application. Frequency and Voltage The tachometer uses a charge pump technique and offer frequency repetition for low wrinkle, full input protection in two versions and output swing to ground for a zero frequency input. The amplitude is fully well-matched with the tachometer and has a floating transistor as its output. This characteristic allows either a ground or supply referred load up to 50mA. This version is well suited for single speed or frequency switching or fully buffered frequency to voltage conversion application. Question 6 Orifice Plate An obstruction (orifice) is placed in a pipe filled with fluid. The pressure of the fluid is measured at two different points: 1) just upstream of the orifice and, 2) close to the contraction of the fluid (vena contracta). The difference in these two pressures is known as differential pressure. The differential pressure across an obstruction (orifice) in a pipe of fluid is proportional to the square of the velocity of the fluid. Many factors associated with the pipe, orifice and fluid affect the measurement. Satisfactory measurement requires steady-state, homogeneous, turbulent flowing fluids. Other properties which affect the measurement include: the ratio of pipe diameter to orifice diameter and the density, temperature, compressibility and viscosity of the fluid. http://www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/4/3/fig4.3.3.gif Venturi Meter Venturi has a long history of uses in many applications. Due to its simplicity and dependability, the Venturi is among the most common flowmeters. With no moving parts or abrupt flow restrictions, the Venturi can measure fluid flowrates with a minimal total pressure loss. The principle behind the operation of the Venturiflowmeter is the Bernoulli Effect. The Venturi measures a fluids flowrate by reducing the cross sectional flow area in the flow path and generating a pressure difference. After the pressure difference is generated, the fluid is passed through a pressure recovery exit section where up to 80% of the differential pressure generated at the throat is recovered. The pressure differential follows Bernoullis Equation. http://www.ustudy.in/imagebrowser/view/image/3463/_original Venturi meter Nozzle A NOZZLE IS A DUCT WHICH CONVERT HEAT ENERGY INTO KINETIC ENERGY.IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF FLUID PASSING THROUGH IT AT THE EXPENCE OF PRESSURE http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTDTUwnq857efZrPN3mtwS-vIsRZ8OJxuVf1aPxsynFcrbaNuVCQ Pitot tube Pitot tube is used for measuring the stagnation within a channel, pipe or duct flow. Pitot tube is made in symmetrical body such as cylinder, cone, or hemisphere with drilled by the side of its central axis. If this is associated with its central axis in the direction of the flow the fluid will accelerate around the upstream face with less energy losses, and a stagnation point incline at the piezometric opening. Flow measurement using (a) Pitot tube, and (b) Pitot-static tube. Pitot tubes on aircraft commonly have heating elements called Pitot heat to prevent the tube from becoming clogged with ice.

Global Strategy

Compare and contrast standardized, concentrated and differentiated Global Marketing. Critically evaluate each strategy with an example from a global company to illustrate the differences There is a tendency for international corporate-level strategies to be substituted for global marketing strategies; namely, multi-domestic strategy to concentrated marketing, global strategy to standardized marketing, and transnational strategy to differentiated marketing. However, the borderline lies as the former focuses broadly on firm’s operations while the latter narrowly involves factors within the marketing mix that directly influences the customer behavior. Although this distinction is used to promote accuracy across the paper, there will be instances that corporate strategies, at least in their concept, can provide the necessary platform of discussion. With respect to product, standardized marketing differs from its opposite extreme concentrated marketing as products are introduced to a foreign country without any change*. Although the strategy is cheaper due to absence of research and development and other operational modifications, it can be expensive and unprofitable in the long-run. . Campbell Soup Company lost millions of dollars in England by using this strategy. This is where customization and customerization become crucial wherein decentralization about product features and designs are made suited to local customers. Nokia adjusted the voice recognition capability of cellular phones in the Asian market to adapt to its crowded streets while Mister Donut’s coffee cup and donuts were made smaller and lighter for an average Japanese consumer. Also, the adaptation implemented by Hyatt Hotels in Singapore with regards to feng shui was deemed to boost the profitability business. Lying in the middle, differentiated marketing seeks to achieve both the efficiency of standardized and local responsiveness of concentrated. As a result, the necessity for product invention plays vital role not only for faster reaction to market needs but also permanent realization of profits. The National Cash Register Company adjusted to relativity of product life cycle across different countries which constituted backward invention. It sold crank-operated cash register at cheaper price compared to global pricing to anticipate the local response to relatively unknown machine. Forward invention, on the other hand, gave Toyota a rationale to design specific vehicles to suit the budget of less developed countries. Although this strategy is very promising in the long-run, start-up product innovation/ research and substantial financing connotes risky venture to partake. With respect to promotion, the three strategies can be distinguished in the methods of branding, product name, advertisement and the use of media. The cost-effectiveness inherent to standardized marketing differs from concentrated as the former can take one message to reflect its intention. Considered an inappropriate promotional tool due to unique cultural and language nation factors, there are few global firms that use the former absolutely. Exxon’s â€Å"Put a tiger in your tank† was internationally recognized with still minor variations. In the contrary, the latter adapt or limit taboos and language context in the local market to avoid discouraging meaning like Dairy Association’s â€Å"Mist Stick† translation to German as â€Å"manure stick†. To prevent futility of promotions even tendency to adversely affect behavior, Carlsberg adapted the copy to suit the culture not for the whole country but to cities and its close neighbors. Differentiated marketing is the broad version of concentrated particularly in geographical markets as it tends to be national-bounded. The best illustration can be observed in different country restrictions on advertising. Cigarettes and alcohol companies must select another kind of media aside from television in countries such as Norway, Belgium and France since the legal system does not allow such its airing. In addition, Saudi Arabia does not allow them to present women in advertisement. As a result, not only differentiated is costly compared to the other strategies it also requires resourcefulness on the part of promoters. On other hand, relative to counterparts, the cost of advertisement has its larger return on exposure (upper hand against concentrated) and flexibility (against standardized). With respect to pricing, standardized model will price the same-level across different countries while concentrated can obtain at varied pricing according to internal and external factors to the firm. Standardized pricing is more resistant to government scrutiny since it inhibits dumping practices which is considered an unethical business practice. As a result, concentrated and differentiated pricing are more volatile for policing firms or governments especially in the growing presence of dumping areas and gray market. Stelco sued dumping practices in 2000 in a Canadian tribunal to resolve unhealthy competition form cut-price steel imports allegedly from the United States. The profit-based motive of cross-country distributors enabled them to establish price distortion. However, there are times that distortion is fair translation of cost incurred. Standardized pricing would be impractical for firms who usually ships merchandize form different country locations. In effect, the exporting firms have the right to increase the price due to transportation and tariff expenses. On the other hand, technology-based firms have the opportunity to use standardized pricing and still be operationally healthy and ethical which can be difficult and doubtful from the other models. On-line training that can be shared through internet-connection can have the same service charge across different countries. On a different approach, General Electric Company maintained a standardized pricing to its top 100 customers by augmenting service-oriented activities to counter the call for commodity prices of its products. As a result, it was able to prevent devaluation of its produce and even increase its profit margin to a record high. With respect to place, the choice of marketing model depends on the capability of the firm to establish retailing stores abroad and the complexity/ simplicity of distribution channels in the local market. For non-commodity goods, standardized place will depend on the former to remain competitive, if not possible. McDonalds have been expanding to numerous countries, although the home office still dictated accreditation of franchisee or building a subsidiary. In commodity products, Procter & Gamble had to address the issue of huge mark-up in the price of its soaps due to complicated distribution system in Japan which has at least five stages of channels before selling it to end users. In this case, concentrated place is likely to gain success in the local market that will also necessitate price escalation. Multinationals in India, which is characterized by millions of independent retailers selling commodity products, will also gain advantage when it used concentrated place. On the other hand, in automobiles, the use of differentiated place emphasized both the importance of having controlled host country office and adapted structure of channels. General Motors had ordered its country managers to coordinate its actions to top-managers in the headquarters to monitor sales but still they can respond to local distribution patterns. As a result, the consolidated performance of the firm improved. Differentiated place involves flexible coordination with the home office and host distributions. As long as the latter follows the regulation of the headquarters, the model will still be operational. Consequently, to exploit the advantages and anticipate disadvantages of the three models, there is a need to describe the required/ existing organizational structure to determine the firm’s appropriate marketing strategy. Concentrated model is likely to have operational decisions decentralized to overseas units to comply with local requirements such as cultural, political, economic and legal issues. Country units focus in competition with local firms and can win such competition because of its higher attention to local desires and needs making them customized. However, the model undermines the cost-effectiveness of economies of scale while coordination problems may arise due to unique mind-set of local and home administrators. Second, the standardized model has a centralized and controlled strategy maker through the home office initiative. The home office aspires integration and interdependence among subsidiaries to intensify the efficiency in producing the same products using the same technology and machineries with little need of research or product modification. At the rare times it developed a new product, its value to the firm is positively disproportionate as subsidiaries would impart the products success if the market respond to this innovation. Due to sharing of resources, coordination costs that can have internal/ personal costs increases. The model also undermines the potential of securing higher profits through local responsiveness while products tend to be mass-produced. Lastly, differentiated model would likely have flexible coordination between home office and subsidiaries. This allows the communication lop to be completed making its possible for a responsive home and subsidiary offices. Reconciliation, both financial and business, is important to have optimal gain in global efficiency and local responsiveness. As standardize model requires cooperation, this model has great emphasis on collaboration. Global Strategy Compare and contrast standardized, concentrated and differentiated Global Marketing. Critically evaluate each strategy with an example from a global company to illustrate the differences There is a tendency for international corporate-level strategies to be substituted for global marketing strategies; namely, multi-domestic strategy to concentrated marketing, global strategy to standardized marketing, and transnational strategy to differentiated marketing. However, the borderline lies as the former focuses broadly on firm’s operations while the latter narrowly involves factors within the marketing mix that directly influences the customer behavior. Although this distinction is used to promote accuracy across the paper, there will be instances that corporate strategies, at least in their concept, can provide the necessary platform of discussion. With respect to product, standardized marketing differs from its opposite extreme concentrated marketing as products are introduced to a foreign country without any change*. Although the strategy is cheaper due to absence of research and development and other operational modifications, it can be expensive and unprofitable in the long-run. . Campbell Soup Company lost millions of dollars in England by using this strategy. This is where customization and customerization become crucial wherein decentralization about product features and designs are made suited to local customers. Nokia adjusted the voice recognition capability of cellular phones in the Asian market to adapt to its crowded streets while Mister Donut’s coffee cup and donuts were made smaller and lighter for an average Japanese consumer. Also, the adaptation implemented by Hyatt Hotels in Singapore with regards to feng shui was deemed to boost the profitability business. Lying in the middle, differentiated marketing seeks to achieve both the efficiency of standardized and local responsiveness of concentrated. As a result, the necessity for product invention plays vital role not only for faster reaction to market needs but also permanent realization of profits. The National Cash Register Company adjusted to relativity of product life cycle across different countries which constituted backward invention. It sold crank-operated cash register at cheaper price compared to global pricing to anticipate the local response to relatively unknown machine. Forward invention, on the other hand, gave Toyota a rationale to design specific vehicles to suit the budget of less developed countries. Although this strategy is very promising in the long-run, start-up product innovation/ research and substantial financing connotes risky venture to partake. With respect to promotion, the three strategies can be distinguished in the methods of branding, product name, advertisement and the use of media. The cost-effectiveness inherent to standardized marketing differs from concentrated as the former can take one message to reflect its intention. Considered an inappropriate promotional tool due to unique cultural and language nation factors, there are few global firms that use the former absolutely. Exxon’s â€Å"Put a tiger in your tank† was internationally recognized with still minor variations. In the contrary, the latter adapt or limit taboos and language context in the local market to avoid discouraging meaning like Dairy Association’s â€Å"Mist Stick† translation to German as â€Å"manure stick†. To prevent futility of promotions even tendency to adversely affect behavior, Carlsberg adapted the copy to suit the culture not for the whole country but to cities and its close neighbors. Differentiated marketing is the broad version of concentrated particularly in geographical markets as it tends to be national-bounded. The best illustration can be observed in different country restrictions on advertising. Cigarettes and alcohol companies must select another kind of media aside from television in countries such as Norway, Belgium and France since the legal system does not allow such its airing. In addition, Saudi Arabia does not allow them to present women in advertisement. As a result, not only differentiated is costly compared to the other strategies it also requires resourcefulness on the part of promoters. On other hand, relative to counterparts, the cost of advertisement has its larger return on exposure (upper hand against concentrated) and flexibility (against standardized). With respect to pricing, standardized model will price the same-level across different countries while concentrated can obtain at varied pricing according to internal and external factors to the firm. Standardized pricing is more resistant to government scrutiny since it inhibits dumping practices which is considered an unethical business practice. As a result, concentrated and differentiated pricing are more volatile for policing firms or governments especially in the growing presence of dumping areas and gray market. Stelco sued dumping practices in 2000 in a Canadian tribunal to resolve unhealthy competition form cut-price steel imports allegedly from the United States. The profit-based motive of cross-country distributors enabled them to establish price distortion. However, there are times that distortion is fair translation of cost incurred. Standardized pricing would be impractical for firms who usually ships merchandize form different country locations. In effect, the exporting firms have the right to increase the price due to transportation and tariff expenses. On the other hand, technology-based firms have the opportunity to use standardized pricing and still be operationally healthy and ethical which can be difficult and doubtful from the other models. On-line training that can be shared through internet-connection can have the same service charge across different countries. On a different approach, General Electric Company maintained a standardized pricing to its top 100 customers by augmenting service-oriented activities to counter the call for commodity prices of its products. As a result, it was able to prevent devaluation of its produce and even increase its profit margin to a record high. With respect to place, the choice of marketing model depends on the capability of the firm to establish retailing stores abroad and the complexity/ simplicity of distribution channels in the local market. For non-commodity goods, standardized place will depend on the former to remain competitive, if not possible. McDonalds have been expanding to numerous countries, although the home office still dictated accreditation of franchisee or building a subsidiary. In commodity products, Procter & Gamble had to address the issue of huge mark-up in the price of its soaps due to complicated distribution system in Japan which has at least five stages of channels before selling it to end users. In this case, concentrated place is likely to gain success in the local market that will also necessitate price escalation. Multinationals in India, which is characterized by millions of independent retailers selling commodity products, will also gain advantage when it used concentrated place. On the other hand, in automobiles, the use of differentiated place emphasized both the importance of having controlled host country office and adapted structure of channels. General Motors had ordered its country managers to coordinate its actions to top-managers in the headquarters to monitor sales but still they can respond to local distribution patterns. As a result, the consolidated performance of the firm improved. Differentiated place involves flexible coordination with the home office and host distributions. As long as the latter follows the regulation of the headquarters, the model will still be operational. Consequently, to exploit the advantages and anticipate disadvantages of the three models, there is a need to describe the required/ existing organizational structure to determine the firm’s appropriate marketing strategy. Concentrated model is likely to have operational decisions decentralized to overseas units to comply with local requirements such as cultural, political, economic and legal issues. Country units focus in competition with local firms and can win such competition because of its higher attention to local desires and needs making them customized. However, the model undermines the cost-effectiveness of economies of scale while coordination problems may arise due to unique mind-set of local and home administrators. Second, the standardized model has a centralized and controlled strategy maker through the home office initiative. The home office aspires integration and interdependence among subsidiaries to intensify the efficiency in producing the same products using the same technology and machineries with little need of research or product modification. At the rare times it developed a new product, its value to the firm is positively disproportionate as subsidiaries would impart the products success if the market respond to this innovation. Due to sharing of resources, coordination costs that can have internal/ personal costs increases. The model also undermines the potential of securing higher profits through local responsiveness while products tend to be mass-produced. Lastly, differentiated model would likely have flexible coordination between home office and subsidiaries. This allows the communication lop to be completed making its possible for a responsive home and subsidiary offices. Reconciliation, both financial and business, is important to have optimal gain in global efficiency and local responsiveness. As standardize model requires cooperation, this model has great emphasis on collaboration.