Leading the Catholic School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Driving the Catholic School - Essay Example This paper announces that culture is a perplexing idea that concedes to a few definitions, yet the most thorough is the combination proposed by Gallagher of â€Å"culture† as a thought that contains the accompanying attributes: human, conventional and dynamic, advancing and strict, shared by and with others, includes complex obvious variables, a declaration of a dream, contains conduct standards and reaction designs, institutional or representative, adds importance what exactly is common, otherworldly and strict, self-imparting, untrustworthy and sustainable, and established in strict awareness. This conversation investigates that culture changes or develops after some time, characterized and modified by connections among the people who make up human Culture isn't solid on the grounds that the human operators or entertainers who are permeated with knowledge and unrestrained choice give culture its dynamism through cooperation and co-activity, offering ascend to sub-societies that add to cultural assorted variety. Culture is a component of any human culture and is molded by the conduct of everybody in that society who learns and shares that culture with people in the future. Culture likewise shapes their conduct and point of view, and decides how they think, feel, and act. Culture can be dissected utilizing a few viewpoints and systems since it is obvious to spectators. These signs extend from the entirely substantial and clear that one can see and feel to the profoundly implanted, oblivious, essential presumptions that structure its pith.

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay Example for Free

Starvation, Affluence, and Morality Essay In Singer’s article Famine, Affluence, and Morality, his primary objective is to get the point over that there are individuals in the creating scene that are starving and have an absence of medicinal services and the absence of asylums. He contends about how well-to-do nations respond to the issues like Bengal and the manner in which they take a gander at the ethical issue encompassing it. He additionally contends that the lifestyle is underestimated by riches individuals. The principal counter-contention in the article is â€Å"the see that numbers do make a difference† (Singer, 1971). It alludes to if each wealthy individual would give 5 dollars to the Bengal Relief Fund that cash would include. In this way, there is no motivation to need to give more cash than any other person similarly situated. Artist contends this is based off a theoretical circumstance. He, in any case, says in the article that it is extremely unlikely for that work since nobody would give in excess of 5 dollars then there would not be sufficient cash to give food, safe house, and clinical consideration. He says by giving in excess of 5 dollars he will have the option to end all the more anguish. The second counter contention individuals don't pass judgment on the manner in which Singer recommended they should. Numerous individuals will in general hush up about their decisions except if they go over the edge, step out limits, and break some kind of good code. The model that Singer utilizes is taking somebody else’s property. The vast majority tend not to look awful on claiming costly things as opposed to providing for individuals less blessed. Singer’s reaction to this contention is, â€Å"unless that standard is dismissed, or the contentions are demonstrated to be unsound, I figure the end must stand anyway weird it shows up. It may, by the by, be fascinating to consider why our general public, and most different social orders, do pass judgment on another way from the manner in which I have recommended they should. † (Singer, 1972) when do individuals adhere to a meaningful boundary at what ought to be done and what is acceptable however not required. Artist raises a point that, â€Å"In a general public which held that no man ought to have all that anyone could need while others have short of what they need. † (Utilitarian Philosophers, NDG) Many individuals are impacted by the individuals around them. In the event that individuals are giving not as much as individuals around them are probably going to give less, yet on the off chance that individuals give more than individuals around him are probably going to give more. The third counter contention is the contrast among obligation and good cause. The contention is that in some utilitarian hypothesis that everybody should work all day to build satisfaction over hopelessness. Implying that, if individuals work more, are paid more cash than individuals would not be as hopeless, numerous individuals state cash can't accepting bliss. Singer’s response to this counter-contention is that, â€Å"we should forestall as much enduring as possible without giving up something different of tantamount good significance. † (Utilitarian Philosophers, NDG) Artist characterizes minor utility as the level at which giving more would bring about enduring in his wards or himself. The importance of this is one would restrain their material belongings to not as much as nothing. He further clarifies that he proposed a progressively moderate rendition of minimal utility, â€Å"that we ought to forestall awful events except if, to do as such, we needed to forfeit something ethically noteworthy, for one may hold that to diminish oneself and ones family to this level is to make something altogether awful occur. (Artist, 1972) It identifies with his contentions since he demands that we have to constrain our material belongings to that of the Bengal evacuees. Vocalist thinks about the qualification among obligation and noble cause as not a simple line to draw. Anyway Singer gives a model as this, â€Å"The magnanimous man might be lauded, yet the man who isn't beneficent isn't censured. At the point when we purchase new garments not to keep oursel ves, warm however to look sharp looking we are not accommodating any significant need. We would not be yielding anything huge if we somehow managed to keep on wearing our old garments, and give the cash to starvation alleviation. Thusly, we would keep someone else from starving. † (Singer, 1972) as it were, rather than purchasing costly useless stuff for yourself giving the additional cash would profit more individuals and make it increasingly altruistic; be that as it may, you don't give the additional cash to noble cause you are not taken a gander at any in an unexpected way. I do concur with certain pieces of his article, in any case, I can't help contradicting its vast majority. Initially, I imagine that his article fall off with a significant disposition in my brain. He does anyway make some valid statements like the manner in which he discusses how a few people are affected by the individuals around them. Another valid statement that he made is it ought not make any difference how far the separation is shrivel they are in a similar region as you are a large number of miles away. I don't concur with how he implies that the more extravagant you are the more you should give. I accept that an individual should give as much as the person in question needs. I likewise accept that an individual giving foundation ought not be held at a higher platform then somebody that can't provide for a noble cause.

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Feel Free to Unsubscribe, Unfollow We started this site to add value to other peoples lives. When we embarked on our journey and began simplifying our lives a few years ago, we discovered myriad benefits, and we realized we weren’t the only people who would benefit from the simpler life. So we started sharing our story, and we discovered something amazing: when you add value to people’s lives, they are eager to share your message with their friends and family. When something resonates, we share it: people are intrinsically wired to share value with others; adding value is a basic human instinct. Thanks to the power of sharing, this site has grown to more than four million readers. And the site continues to grow today. Hundreds of thousands of people subscribe via email, and they follow our inspirational messages on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Were grateful for every person who reads our content, finds worth in our words, and shares our message. We appreciate you; we want you here. We dont, however, want anyone to feel obligated to support our site if they dont continue to find value here. We understand that our message will not resonate with everyone. So if you stop finding value in our words, feel free to unsubscribe or unfollow. You wont hurt our feelings. Scouts honor. Wed rather you spend your time and attention on something that adds value to your life. We want you to be happy, and so the last thing we want to do is add to the clutter. This rule shouldn’t apply to only our website, though: no one needs to be offended when someone ‘unfriends’ them on Facebook, or stops following them on Twitter. But unfortunately, many people feel hurt, disrespected, or disregarded when someone leaves their online social circle. Instead of feeling offendedâ€"instead of questioning the other person’s intentionsâ€"we must realize we can’t add value to everyone’s lives all the time: even though someone found value in us previously, that doesn’t mean they will find value now or in the future. People often grow in different directionsâ€"that’s the beauty of life. That said, if you do find merit in our words here at The Minimalists, then please continue to share our essays via email and social media (you can find a list of our most popular essays here). Help us spread the wordâ€"we appreciate the love. Thank you for being part of a movement that is bigger than any one person.

Bible Group Assessment At W Ave G Temple - 1658 Words

Bible Group Assessment For this assignment the group that I observed was the Churches Touching Lives of Christ Bible study located at W Ave G Temple, TX 76504.The bible study group was small, it consisted of six adult group members in total. Each individual person had their own uniqueness about themselves and their contribution to the group. The leader of the group was a slender Asian male in his late forty’s who was well spoken and maintained order in the group while still delivering a short sermon to the group. Whenever a person would speak out of turn he would let them speak and when they were done he would publicly correct them and tell the other adult group members that they should wait their turn to speak and if they have a†¦show more content†¦As soon as I heard the way that the Asian male spoke to the group I could tell that there was a previous bond with the client. The reason that I can to the conclusion that there has to be a previous connection is because the Asian male did not ask for them to do anything he told them. Even though the members were all adults they did not rebel or even give any rebuttal. They did just as he asked, so that shows me that they have respect for him. I do not think that he would have spoken as demanding as he did if he did not know them, if I was trying to develop members for any organization I would be passive and eager to please so the member would feel welcome and want to return to my groups. After everyone was seated the Asian male asked if anyone had a special scripture that they wanted to focus on. No one replied. The leader seemed to be a little disturbed. He became a little angry, he told them that he was disappointed because he assigned them homework, which was to find a scripture and bring it to the group. Luckily he came prepared and had his own bible verses he wanted to talk about since he didn’t have anybody volunteers. At this particular meeting the leader spoke about homosexual relati ons, he asked me did I want to participate but I told him I was only present for documentation purposes. Although I am a Christian my social work values are also very clear everyone is the same, there is no discrimination. While talking

Trends in Operations Management - 2755 Words

Final Current Trends and Issues in Operations Management Presented To Operations Management Respectfully Submitted By Introduction 3 A Brief History of Operations Management 4 Current Trends and Issues in Operations Management 6 Lean Operations (Just-in-time) 6 Shrinking Product Life Cycles 7 Employee Empowerment and Training 8 Globalization 9 Total Quality Management 9 Advances in Technology 10 Insourcing 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 Introduction Operations is the part of a business organization that is responsible for producing goods and services (Stevenson, 2012, p. 4). In this definition, goods are tangible items. Goods can be finished items that are sold to end consumers such as a chair, a†¦show more content†¦Men such as Henry Gantt, who contributed his now famous Gantt chart. The Gantt chart visually displayed the necessary task involved in a process and a time frame in which to achieve those task. Harrington Emerson applied Taylor’s ideals to organization structure and encouraged the use of experts to improve organization efficiency. Henry Ford used the concept of division of labor, which Adam Smith wrote about in The Wealth of Nations (1776) (Stevenson, 2012, p. 23) in the automotive industry. Ford also introduced the concepts of mass production, the moving the assembly line and interchangeable parts in his automotive assembly plants. Others such as F.W. Harris, H.F. Dodge, H.G. Romig, W. Shewhart and L.H.C Tippett all made contributions in the areas of quantitative techniques, statistical measurements, and decision modeling to increase manufacturing efficiency (Stevenson, 2012, p. 24). While these men focused on the technical aspects of scientific management, others studied the relationship between the organization and the worker. This was the early development of what we now know today as human relations. According to Stevenson (2012), â€Å"Whereas the scientific management movement heavily emphasized the technical aspects of work design, the human relations movement emphasized the importance of the human element in the job design† (p. 23). Lillian Gilbreth and Frank Gilbreth added to the study of worker efficiency through time and motion studies. Elton MayoShow MoreRelatedFactors affecting women entrepreneurs success1224 Words   |  5 Pages1-1 Introduction to Operations Management Operations Management William J. 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The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism Free Essays

The Screwtape letters was written by C. S. Lewis in 1942. We will write a custom essay sample on The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this book, C. S. Lewis used 31 letters from a senior devil, Screwtape, to his nephew to describe how to corrupt a person’s soul. The most important idea is that when lower the standard of self-regulation step by step with subjective relativism, the self-regulation will be too low without any awareness, which means the victim does not even know his spirit was corrupted and he always think what he did is right. The key point is that subjective relativism, view that an action is morally right if a person approves of it, would be dangerous. When comparing this theory with the management environment in workplace, the situations are surprisingly similar. If a manager controls a big company or organization with subjective relativism-â€Å"all depends on the situation with settings†-the standard of the company or organization would be lowed step by step and finally out of control. As a result, managers don’t like a relativism management environment; they always use universalism or even absolutism to manage the systems. Subjective relativism is considered dangerous for a management system, and other people’s money, anonymity, and subjective relativism is a deadly combination. However, subjective relativism is not the core reason that makes the management system fail. Sometimes, it can benefit the management system. A New Examination of boiling frogs: we know where we are The boiling frog is a wide known story which is also very similar with the story of Screwtape. When putting a frog in a pot with boiling water in it, the frog will jump out of the pot immediately. However, when it was put in a pot of cold water and the pot was slowly heated, the frog would be boiled alive and die in the pot. However, this story is proved not true recently. According to Fast Company (2006), J. Debra Hofman did a new examination of the boiling frogs. â€Å"We placed Frog A into a pot of cold water and applied moderate heat. At 4. 20 seconds, it safely exited the pot with a leap of 24 centimeters. We then placed Frog B into a pot of lukewarm water and applied moderate heat. At 1. 57 seconds, it safely exited the pot with a leap of 57 centimeters. † Hofman commented, â€Å"The change myth assumes a very narrow view of people. If frogs can do it, people definitely can. † Just like the story of boiling frogs, the system doesn’t really out of control with subjective relativism. Relativism holds that there are no absolute moral principles, but the rules that truly guide them in each situation are to be â€Å"determined by their relation to something else: the willing of customs or culture of the group, or the desires of the workmates. † Gibb, J. R. (1991). Subjectivism means that â€Å"the sole source of knowledge or authority is in the perception of the individual. (Lisa Newton, 1995) When combining subjectivism and relativism, each person is his/her own authority in the business life, and is the source of his/her own guide. On this reasoning, each person has the right to decide on all matters of what is right and wrong. Subjective relativism can only lead people to do as they want, and the rules which guide them is depends on the environment, which means the relationships with others ar ound them are the core reason why they change. For instance, in the story of Screwtape letters, the true way of corrupting a person’s soul is the so called â€Å"influence of others†, not subjective relativism. Self-awareness can’t be lowed, what is changing is relationship with others. According to subjective relativism, what’s right for the employees may not be necessarily right for the company. However, the feeling of right or wrong is directly linked to the feeling of right or wrong from the group he/she lived in. As a result, when a manager is able to affect the employees by delivering his/her idea and value to the workplace (a group where employees are in), subjective relativism can benefit the company. Universalism vs. Relativism: Small business is perfectly fitful for relativism system Another quite different judgment system is universalism. Universalism and relativism are always compared in a national view point. â€Å"Universalism holds that more â€Å"primitive† cultures will eventually evolve to have the same system of law and rights as Western cultures. Cultural relativists hold an opposite, but similarly rigid viewpoint, that a traditional culture is unchangeable. In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights, and driven by the pursuit of self-interest. In the cultural relativist model, a community is the basic social unit. Concepts such as individualism, freedom of choice, and equality are absent. It is recognized that the community always comes first. †(Clemens N. Nathan, 2009) however, when talking about business systems, these concepts are a little bit different. Universalism refers to a system with â€Å"common rules with similar settings†, which means the system has the exactly same rules for all the employees. Looking at the top 100 multinational corporations, they are all using universalism. Universalism is needed today more than ever, especially in multinational corporations. â€Å"(David C. Wyld, 2011) As the world is becoming a smaller place because of globalization and Internet, universalism makes more sense in dealing with multinational issues. It can help the company to develop not only the standard of work environment, but also the reputation of the corporations. However, when focus on the most rapidly d eveloping type of companies, small businesses, universalism seems too general and unfriendly to the employees. Even though subjective relativism has great problems and has a potential for abuse the employees, universalism in its current state is not the ideal solution† Wole Soyinka (2008). Subjective Relativism can help the employees to be more interested in the work and maximize the innovation of them. Besides, managers are able to control the company since it just have relatively small amount of employees that they won’t be abused. Subjective Relativism in New Economy The new economy is  commonly  believed to start from the late 1990s, as computer and Internet was developing worldwide. Companies in the new economy are heavily involved in the  internet and biotech industries, but the ripple effects of new technologies has spread out to  all other industries as well†(Investopedia,2012) The networked organizations need a different kind of control. Employees are highly empowered. They can get access to as many works and customers as they can. Besides, employees are highly educated today, sometime they have really good ideas about what companies should do to improve. In this way, managers should be more careful when controlling the management system, and common rules with similar settings are not enough. Subjective relativism is more powerful in encouraging employees. The system gives the employees to be able to choose what they think is right to do, and the rules are relatively different but fit for each employee. â€Å"There is no logical connection between what you have a right to do and the right thing to do; but there is a psychological temptation to move from one to the other. Let’s say that again: In logic, there is no connection between â€Å"You have the right to think what you like,† and â€Å"Anything you happen to like to think is right. You have the right, after all, to contradict yourself; you have all the right in the world to think that â€Å"2+2=5. † That doesn’t make it correct. But psychologically, once you have told me that no one has the right to correct me when I claim certain sorts of opinions; you certainly seem to have told me that any such opinions are right, or at least as right as opinions can be. † As Lisa Newton (1998) said, with subjective relativism, empowered employees are able to show their opinions and discuss those opinions together with out shame. Meanwhile, managers can communicate with his group much better and active. However, a big concern is that subjective relativism really has a potential for abuse the employees, so it would be a big challenge for managers to use this method. One suggestion is to combine the subjective relativism with universalism. That is, using the universalism in the company or corporation, but authorizes some division managers to use subjective relativism among the most excellent groups. In this way, companies can not only gain the benefit from universalism system, but also maximize the efficiency of the most excellent employees. References David C. Wyld(2011) Southeastern Louisiana University in Philosophy, March 17, 2011,Rethieved from: http://socyberty. com/philosophy/the-top-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-ethical-universalism-an-analysis-of-how-what-is-right-and-wrong-transcends-most-cultures-societies-and-religions/#ixzz2BNEPJbOP Fast Company (2006) Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant†. Fast Company Issue 01. October 1995. Retrieved from http://www. fastcompany. com/26455/next-time-what-say-we-boil-consultant Gibb, J. R. (1991) Trust: A New Vision of Human, Relationships for Business, Family and Personal Living. North Hollywood, CA: Newcastle Publishing Company. 991. Investopedia (2012) New Economy. Buzz Word-economy. Retrieved from: http://www. investopedia. com/terms/n/neweconomy. asp#ixzz2BMsc3J3c Lisa Newton (1998a) Subjective Relativism as a Challenge to Ethics. Doing Good and Avoiding Evil Part I. Principles and Reasoning Lisa Newton (1998b) Moral Commitments and the Discipline of Ethics. Doing Good and A voiding Evil Part I. Principles and Reasoning Neumann Nathan (2009) the Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights by Clemens Wole Soyinka(2008) â€Å"The AVOIDABLE TRAP of CULTURAL RELATIVISM†, on the occasion of the second edition of the Geneva How to cite The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism, Papers

Perspective of FBI Vs Apple Case in Virtue Ethics Theory

Question: Write a research essay describing an ethical theory (deontology, virtue or Utilitarianism) or ethical issue we have discussed in this course.Also apply the FREE MARKET ETHIC to it and to critically review it using an ETHIC OF CARE. Describe the theory and its foundations in moral and ethical philosophy. Analyze its application in the 21st century business world and global marketplace, using examples from your research. Evaluate the theory and give your opinion as to whether it is a valid method of ethical decision-making in the workplace, identifying specific ethical dilemmas you see. Explain how the theory will shape the managerial role and responsibilities in an organization and its potential effect on ethical culture. Your goal is to make an argument and support it with a clear, original, and thorough analysis of the themes, arguments, and information presented in course readings and lectures. Your work will be evaluated by the specificity with which it answers the prompt, the cl arity of its thesis, the cohesiveness of its argument, and the extent to which it demonstrates a clear understanding of the central content, critical ideas, and key themes of the course. Answer: The Virtue Ethics Theory The virtue ethics theory tends to focus on the individual carrying out a particular action to try, and establish whether the person is acting morally/ethically or not. While the consequences of the individuals action and the rules governing the actions might be important to consider, the virtue ethics theory tends to de-emphasize them. More particularly, the primary factor remains whether the particular individual involved in the action has expressed a good character or not (Crisp, 2010). Good character in this case is shaped by the moral virtues that are defined by the virtue theorists. There are different descriptions of moral virtues according to the virtue ethics theory. First, moral virtues include admirable behaviors that bring about social harmony. Secondly, the moral virtues consist of dispositions within individuals that enable them to act according to reason. Therefore, the use of logic is critical in terms of determining the inclination of ones moral position ((Crisp, 2010). One can only be considered morally virtuous if they engage proper reasoning where in their actions, there can be proof of moderation rather than extremism. Thirdly, the virtue ethics theory emphasizes that moral virtues enable individuals to have the correct intention and to feel appropriate while carrying out various activities. Foundations of the Virtue Ethics Theory in Moral Ethical Philosophy The virtue theory is well founded in the moral and ethical philosophy advanced by Aristotle and Plato. The virtue theory is deeply founded on the views of Plato and Aristotle regarding morality and good character. Despite the fact that each of the two philosophers provided his own list of moral values, all of them sum up to the contemporary explanation of the virtue ethics theory. Thus, the aspect of virtue emerged from the two Greek philosophers, came up with a collection of several normative ethical philosophies which put an emphasis on being, and not on the actions. In founding the theory, Aristotle believed that the moral values/virtues safeguards human relations including friendship and without them, an individual cannot realize happiness (Kupperman, 2009). On the other hand, Plato believed that being virtuous is a course that one must pursue to attain it. In Platos Republic, the four cardinal virtues brought out include wisdom, temperance, fortitude, and justice. Therefore, for one to be considered virtuous, they must act in line with these cardinal virtues, which of course include other related moral values. Socrates who also contributed to the discussion on virtues stipulated that there exist only one virtue-knowledge. Therefore, one needs to have to a particular knowledge that can enable them know how to act in particular situations in an ethical way. Aristotle on the other hand divided virtues into moral virtues and intellectual virtues. These moral virtues are all means of given corresponding vices while the intellectual virtues consist of an individuals mental skills that enable them reach for truth and thus agreeing or disagreeing with something. Thus, the virtue ethics theory embraced today in different fields can be said to have originated from the works of early Greek philosophers and later shaped by the emergence of critics , situations and the wider need for its applications. Free Market Ethic the Virtue Ethics Theory in the FBI vs. Apple Case Free market involves the buying, the production, sale, and exchange of goods and services by an individual or entity without being interfered with by either a government or private institution. When every individual in the market possesses this particular freedom, then the market can be said to be free. Thus, each transaction in a free market is voluntary and based on buyer-seller agreement. People purchase goods and pay for them willingly at particular rates without being coerced and this consists of the free market ethic. The aspects of free market can be explained in relation to the virtue ethics theory. The virtue ethics theory emphasizes the need for people to embrace moral virtues including for instance justice, trust, and fortitude among others. While critics of the free market indicate that an individual may sell unscrupulous products in order to gain mammoth profits, it is clear that as long as the buyers have accepted these products and the terms involved then there is moral equality. Supporters of the free market aspects argue that moral equality does not mainly consist of the equal right to the produced good within the economy (Friedman, 2008). Moral equality instead involves the equal right for individuals to be free from being coerced by others. Any interference in the free market is unnecessary and even wasteful to all the parties playing within the economy. Governments are not welcome to interfere with the free market but instead may just need to provide a better platform for businesses to thrive. Interfering with issues regarding agreements between sellers and buyers can be one way of breaching moral equality. Business contract that have been entered into by a seller and a buyer need to remain safeguarded and terms adhered with in the spirit of practicing moral equality. The FBI vs. Apple case regarding a tussle where the earlier party wanted to obtain a terrorists iPhone information access after the Malibu attack that saw 14 people killed can be explained in the perspective of free market ethics theory. As indicated earlier, the free market ethic supports the view that there should be completely no interference in the market for all players. The government as an entity in this case, does not have the mandate to coerce the Apple Company through whatever legal means to provide software that will see the terrorists phone unlocked (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). The free market ethic emphasizes the agreement between the buyer-the terrorists, and the seller of the IPhone. In free market economies, as long as there is a willing buyer of goods and services and/or a willing seller of the same, then a contract is sealed and must be honored. The Apple Company has a duty in its operation to safeguard the privacy of its customers, being a willing seller (Fried man, 2008). Since the buyers of the Apple IPhones usually chose it because of ensured information privacy, the company is compelled to ensure that their information is protected. Tim Cook the CEO of the Apple Company in fact indicated that the security features of the Apple iphone is one of the aspects that make their phones and other gadgets to sell in the current competitive technological markets. He further indicated that providing software that would unlock the IPhone risked the privacy of many other owners of similar gadgets. This is because the FBI can then use the software to gain access to private information on other Apple customers phones. Therefore in line with the free market ethic, the decision by the Apple company to refuse to develop the unlock software to the FBI was agreeable (Friedman, 2008). If we go by the free market ethic, then the government should completely not try to interfere with the contract entered into by the terrorist-iphone purchaser. The government later dropped its request to have Apple company device the unlock software to the IPhone indicating that the FBI had found a third party that assisted to unlock the phone. The Israeli Cellebrite Tech Company has been linked with this assistance, a move that has made the Apple company discouraged (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). While Apple was out to protect their contract terms with the iphone purchaser as a willing buyer, it was against the free market ethic for the Cellebrite Company to interfere with this deal. The Israeli company that assisted in the unlocking of the phone becomes a third party and mainly interference in the free market assumptions. The above conclusion on the FBI vs. Apple case when viewed under the free market ethic can be analyzed in line with the virtue ethics theory. According to Plato, a republic needed to consist of four cardinal virtues, which include wisdom, temperance, fortitude, and justice. A virtuous individuals or entity must act in line with these cardinal virtues among other moral values (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). Aristotle on the other hand stipulated that intellectual virtues are an individuals mental skills that enable them reach for truth and thus agreeing or disagreeing with something. In the case of the FBI vs. Apple, it is clear that the major ethical issue include a conflict between security and privacy. Security and privacy are both moral values, which must prevail within a given democratic society (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). Considering natural justice as envisaged in the virtue ethics theory, it is clear that killing people is a vice. Killers are considered extremists in the society and they act beyond the mean behavior expected. Aristotle who supported the virtue ethics theory believed that a persons actions needed to be moderated. Terrorism needs to be eliminated in order for the society to live harmoniously. In this case, the free market ethic tends to protect terrorists who led to the death of 14 people in Malibu and might probably be planning other attacks. It becomes a dilemma when one needs to choose to protect their safety at the expense of their privacy and vice versa. In most cases that involve the need to choose between the two, many people and entities have preferred to sacrifice their privacy to security (Cuijpers, van Schendel, 2016). This shows the use of intellectual morals that enable people to choose between wrong and right. According to Socrates, knowledge is the main virtue as it helps people and entities to know between wrong and right, which is a similar case here. The virtue ethics would agree with the government to access the terrorists information in order to understand first whether the owner was involved. Once this was known, there was there could be a just decision on whether to pursue the IPhone owner for charges or not. Even so, a free market theorist would argue that government interference is never welcome in such a case. This case presents a tussle between those who believe in the free market ethic and those that believe in virtue ethics (Friedman, 2008). The Apple Company takes the free market ethic as a tool to defend itself while the government through the FBI and the courts tends to consider the virtue ethics their ultimate tool. Virtue theory the Ethic of Care in FBI vs. Apple Case The ethic of care theory as advanced by Carol Gilligan can be used to explain the case between the FBI vs. Apple Company. The ethic of care theory stresses that everyone needs to have a voice to be listened to not only carefully but also with respect (McPherson 2012). It also emphasizes the natural human relationships and interdependence indicating that individuals need each other whatsoever. The theory calls upon individuals to be responsive in their relationships with each other by paying attention, responding and carefully listening to others. It also indicates that people should be aware of the probability of losing connection with others or even with oneself in case there is no proper/ethical care (Engster, 2013). While the virtue ethics theory focuses on moral virtues, the care ethics emphasizes that morality originates from human relationships and bring about issues related to injustice and carelessness. There are differences between the two theories. The virtue ethics embraces the need for justice for all unlike the ethics of care that tends to consider a need-centered approach. In the case of the FBI vs. Apple, the company considers its relationship with its customers to be crucial and one that needs safeguarding. While it does not support terrorism, the Apple Company would not only like to protect its clients information on the IPhone acquired by the FBI, but also wants to do so, for millions of its loyal customers. The company feels compassionate and caring to its customers but this view contravenes the virtue ethics. The security of the masses should be considered more imperative than the privacy of an individual and/or a group. Considering this, the ethic of care should not have been considered in this case but instead, the Apple Company should have looked for software that only unlocks the terrorists IPhone. This encryption unlock software should be made in a way that it still could not be used by the FBI to reach for any other phone purchased by innocent civilians. This could be a just move, as it will end up tracking down terrorist activity while at the same time maintaining the safety and privacy of the IPhone buyers. Thus, there was no need for the Apple company to seem to be compassionate and to show a feeling of care for individuals who led to the death of 14 people in Malibu. Applications of the Virtue Theory in the 21st Century Business World The moral virtues outlined under the virtue ethics theory are today applied in the business world. For these virtues to be applied successfully to any business, the particular business and activities carried out must be considered as a practice (Wittmer OBrien, 2014). First, the virtue ethics theory today is also used in developing professional codes of ethics for different institutions. Every profession in the business world must have a code of ethics to follow. As a result, legal institutions including courts are entitled to use the codes of ethics where they are faced with cases involving unethical practices (Wittmer OBrien, 2014). Both local and international laws on professional ethics are developed and agreed upon by all related entities. In fact, Constitutional Acts can define the code of ethics for a given profession and thus making it legally binding for not only businesses but also for the employees working within the relevant establishments. Further, virtue ethics theory is used in labour relations and movements being entities that are normally affected by any interference with employee rights. These rights in one way can be considered as safeguards to moral rights as long as they provide justice to both the employees and the employers. While virtue ethics theory calls upon the employees to act morally, the employers are also put to task to ensure that they do not bring unnecessary barriers in the event that employees are seeking for justice (Moore, 2012). In terms of offering goods into the market, virtue ethics have been relied upon in deciding that there is need to offer quality goods and services. Fraudulent deals in the market where sellers defraud buyers and vice versa are discouraged under moral standings. Today, the business and contract laws that govern mutual agreements among different parties embrace the aspect virtue ethics in expecting utmost good faith among these parties. Industries that are allowed to exi st within a given surrounding are required to ethically oblige to conserving the environment and providing some crucial services to the communities within (Moore, 2012). Therefore, the virtue of ethics theory is a crucial element in the 21st Century business world, used in solving several ethical dilemmas that emerge within the business environment repeatedly. Evaluation and Validation The virtue ethics theory is a valid approach in ethical decision-making in any given workplace. This is because it provides the values that need to be embraced within a workplace and defines the professional behavior that people should assume. In the workplace, moral virtues do not only bring about harmony among the workers but also a peaceful relationship between them and their employers (Blumenthal-Barby, 2015). Shareholders, customers, suppliers and even the government rely heavily on the set of business ethics within and beyond a business premises. This is because once these moral virtues are practiced by every party, there is a high likelihood that there will be less harm in transactions and instead business deals will be legitimate (McPherson, 2012). The virtue ethics theory is thus a valid theory as it moral equality prevents corruption and ensures that everything is carried out under the law of natural justice (Blumenthal-Barby, 2015. Its emphasis on prudence, fortitude, and justice among other intellectual moral virtues make this theory a valid alternative to deontology and utilitarianism. Ways in which Virtue Ethics Shape Managerial Roles Responsibilities Virtue ethics shape ones managerial roles and responsibilities in different ways. First, virtue ethics envisaged in a company/industrial code of ethics oblige managers to carry out their duties in ethical manners. Having been considered trustees within the institution, the managers may need to avoid corruption in their offices, treat their workers fairly and professionally, and conduct themselves morally (West, 2016). Therefore, virtue ethics provides a path to follow for a manager who wants to be successful in their work. Secondly, compliance to company and industrial regulations is an ethical requirement. Managers who for instance evade paying taxes can be termed as unethical. Therefore, managers are responsible for ensuring that their companies comply to both internal and external regulations that safeguard well being of for instance, the environment, the worker and the citizens of a given state at large(Bertland, 2008). Tax evasion, illegal release of untreated wastes to a water source for example, is termed unethical practices. Therefore, the virtue ethics compel a manager to ensure that their firms do not practice such behaviors. Further, it is up to the managers to be accountable for every activity carried out by their firm. They are thus responsible for any mistakes that might occur because of their businesses. Similarly, they are responsible for any positive result posted by the firm in terms of ethics (Fairchild, 2010). The virtue ethics does not only shape individual behavior but also shapes decision-making. Contingency plans that are put up by managers must also still consider the ethical code of conduct. Therefore, there is no doubt that the virtue ethics immensely influences any managers way of handling duties and responsibilities. The Effect of the Virtue Ethics Theory on Ethical Culture Ethical culture aims at encouraging individuals and groups to respect nature and others as humans in order to develop a better world. Virtue ethics advocate for admirable behaviors that bring about social harmony (Erll et al, 2008). These moral virtues make people act according to reason. In line with the virtue ethics theory, morally virtuous individuals engage proper reasoning and their actions are moderated rather than done with extremism (Ciurria, 2011). This should have been the case for the Apple management, knowing well that terrorism is a threat harmonious co-existence. The virtue ethics theory also emphasizes that moral virtues enable individuals to have the correct intention and to feel appropriate while carrying out various activities. Good intentions towards others cultivate respect for humanity and advocates for peace, unity, and collaboration. In conclusion, therefore the virtue ethics theory can be said to advocate for moral virtues, which involve behaviors that are moderated and thus are oriented towards the mean but not extremes. The above discussion brings out the different applications of this theory in the contemporary business world including in the FBI vs. Apple case. It can thus be concluded that the virtue ethics theory remains one of the normative philosophies to be advanced by psychologists and philosophers. References Bertland, A. (2008). Virtue Ethics in Business and the Capabilities Approach. J Bus Ethics, 84(S1), 25-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9686-3 Blumenthal-Barby, J. (2015). 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